respiratory system anatomy and histology

upper respiratory tract is part of what system?

conducting system

upper respiratory structures

nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx

nasal cavity

nares (nostrils)

nasal conchae/turbinate bones- inferior, middle, superior

paranasal air sinuses- frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary

paranasal air sinuses diagram

pharynx structures

nasopharynx- posterior to nasal cavity; sniff sound

oropharynx- posterior to oral cavities; hock sound

laryngopharynx- passageway for air and food (splits into larynx and esophagus); swallow sound

larynx cartilages

epiglottis- leaf shaped; blocks food from entering into lower respiratory tract (covers the glottis)

thyroid- shield shaped- joins at prominence "adams apple"; cricoid cartilage- ring shaped

larynx vocal folds

folds in mucous membrane

upper (false

lower (true)- vibrate as air passes

larynx diagram

lower respiratory system includes

trachea

within lungs- bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary); bronchioles (terminal and respiratory); alveoli (alveolar sacs)

lower respiratory tract includes what systems

conducting system- trachea terminal bronchioles

exchange system- respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

lower respiratory system diagram

trachea: anatomy

posterior to hear

made of C shaped rings of cartilage- not complete rings to allow for esophagus to expand; structure and support to prevent collapse

branches into primary bronchi

trachea: histology

layers- mucosa- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells (mucus producing cells); mucus sticks to dirt/dust particles and is swept out of respiratory tract by cilia

submucosa

cartilage- hyaline cartilage

adventitia- external layer

trachea histology ex.

bronchi: anatomy

primary- right and left; divides further once inside lungs; full ring of cartilage

secondary and tertiary (aka intrapulmonary bronchi)- in humans 3 lobes in right lung and 2 lobes in left lung (bc of heart); patches of cartilage

intrapulmonary bronchi: histology

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium- goblet cells still producing mucus

plates of hyaline cartilage- no rings

bronchioles: anatomy

no cartilage just smooth muscle- bronchoconstriction (constriction of bronchiole, response to cold/allergens); bronchodilation (dilation of bronchioles, response to heat/caffeine)

terminal bronchioles

terminal bronchioles- smallest part of conducting system; last part of respiratory system that doesn't participate in gas exchange

respiratory bronchioles: beginning of exchange system

give rise to alveoli

bronchioles: histology

terminal- transition from ciliated simple columnar to nonciliated simple cuboidal; goblet cells decreasing

lose goblet cells before cilia

respiratory- simple cuboidal; no cilia; no goblet cells

respiratory bronchiole histology

difficult to find- only able to distinguish if there are alveoli leading directly off them

alveoli

clustered in alveolar sacs

last part of respiratory system and exchange system

lots of surface area allow for lots of diffusion

surrounded by capillaries- share a basement membrane for gas exchange

alveoli: histology

simple squamos- very thin and great for diffusion

respiratory membrane

shared membrane between alveoli and capillary

Co2 (waste/deoxygenated) moves into the alveoli to be exhaled

O2 (nutrients/oxygenated) moves from alveoli into capillaries to go to rest of body

dissection of pig respiratory system