AP HUG FINAL EXAM OVERVIEW - FOR FRESHIES

Von Thunen Model

Theory based around the use of agricultural lands represented by circular zones. Zones are based off of transportation, weight of product, maximizng profit, and pershiablity.

ex: Dairy farming is placed near the CBD as products are easy to get spoiled, ( Review the rings)

Downsides: All land have different topographies, CBD isn't always in the center, and as of modern times we have fridges + other tech

Fallow

A plot of uncultivated ( unused) land left alone to rest and regain fertility for next season to avoid overusing it during crop rotation

World city

A city with global significance purposes like trade, finance, important desicions etc

Not always the most populous rather it's significance

ex: London, Paris, Tokyo, Shanghai

Edge city

A Buisness district located in the outskirts of a major city usually located near highways for easy access

Commercial/Work areas > Housing, ex: Century City located outside of LA

4 asian tigers

Hongkong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea

All experienced rapid economic growth in the 1960's-1990's jumping from developing to developED. Through exports, education investment, and strategic government policies

Metropolitan statistical areas

An area with one central city and surrounding counties and suburbs.

ex: The city of portland including the other surroundings areas such as Happy valley, Gresham, Hillsboro

MOST developed world regions

Regions that are highly industrialized, economically developed, and good quality of life

North America: US and Canada

Oceania: Australia and New zealand

East Asia: Japan/ South korea

Europe: West/North europe

LEAST developed world regions

Regions with low income, low industriaization, lower quality of life

Sub saharan africa

South Asia ( Bangladesh)

SE Asia

Latin america

BRICS COUNTRIES

Brazil, Russia, Iran, China, South Africa ( The og's, more nations have joined in recent years but this is the basis)

Developing Nations with rapidly growing economies with huge role in the global economy.

Aims for economic cooerpation, geopoltical infleunce, and reowning 40% of the worlds economy.

Isogloss

A boundary that shows distinctions of a lingustical element among regions ( Pronounciation of a word, vocab, grammar, accent)

ex: Half of the US says " You all " while the other half says " Ya'll ", image is an example

Language FAMILY (BROADEST)

Variety of languages that come from one ancestral langauge

Think of a big friend group with a good mix of people but all met cause of one person that started the group

ex: Sino tibetan is the " root " to many East asian langauges. The blue print

Language BRANCH ( MEDIUM)

Languages among a langauge family that have their own " branch".

Among the big friend group there are " sub groups " of people that are more familar with eachohter

example: Sintic branch - Chinese langauges

Language GROUP ( SPECFIC)

More specfic languages belonging to a specfic area

Among the sub friend groups there are even smaller group of friends that are closer to eachother

ex: Mandarin Chinese

Sino tibetan language family

2nd largest langauge family based all across Asian

Trick to remember: " Sino " Means Chinese or anything originating from China, China is in Asia, therefore asian languages

Sacred city of Christanity/Judaism

Jerusalem

Site

Physical characerestics of a location, " What's on the ground, what are the physical traits of the location "

ex: I live on scouters mountian is located on a mountain

Situation

Places NEAR the location, such as cities, landform, bodies of water " What's around it? Connection "

ex: The twin towers is situated near the Hudson river

Sequent occupance

Cultural imprints left on a landscape by different groups that have settled throughout history

ex: The berlin wall was built by former communist and democratic powers after World war 2

Unitary state

The central government holds all the power at the national level. No power is passed down to states.

Cons: Quick and efficient when making laws but may not address the needs of all as all the power is on top

ex: France, China

Federal State

Central government sharing/expanding power among the states

Pro: Reacts and addresses local problems

Con: takes longer to make descions

ex: The US - Power is passed down to the states and have power to create their down laws

HDI HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

A measurement of a countries quality of life

Components:

access to education, healthcare, and making decent income

ex: Iceland has high HDI while Somalia has a much lower HDI

GEM ( Gender Empowerment Measure)

Measures gender equality in nations in economic and politcal matters.

Based off of: Politcal partcipation, Economic particpation ( % of woman in professional fields) , Economic power ( income)

Balkinization

A larger state breaking into smaller nations due to ethnic or religious conflicts

ex: Yugoslovia broke up into what is now the " Balkan " region now consiting of nations such as Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia due to religious and ethnic conflicts

BlockBusting

A practice where raal estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood. Fueled by RACISM, The home is then sold to families of color at a higher price creating minority neighborhoods.

Redlining

Discrimnatory housing boundaries drawn based off of race. Nice neighborhoods were denied to minorties

Lead to low income communites

Causes of ethnic conflict

Ethnic groups compete for power, resources, land, identity.

Footloose industry

Industries that can be located anywhere and isn't based off of transportation and resources due to the products being lightweight yet valuble

ex: Computer chips and Jewelry

Acculturation

When a group of people migrate and adapt to the local culture whilst keeping their own

ex: Chinese immigrants adjusting to American cultural like celebrating Christmas whilst maintianing their own celebrating Lunar new year at the same time

Ravenstien Law of migration

Theory relating to patterns and common charactesrtics and within migration (11 laws) ex: many migrants stay within a country

Rostow's Stages of Development

A theory revolving around stages of industrial development a country will go through over time

Trad society, Transition, industrialization. maturity, mass consumption

ex: In the (4) Drive to maturity stage, the countries economy starts expanding and stabilizes everybody meets basic needs with teritary jobs and beyond

Webers theory of industrial location

A model surrounding companies decisons in choosing locations for their industry to minimize costs

Based off of transportation, resource, weight, labor, and agglomeration

ex: In China factories are built in places where labor is cheap, in ports, and around other companies to minimize costs

Central Place Theory

A theory centered around providing services and goods based on consumer patterns and behaviors represented by hexagons.

- Threshold: # of people that will support the service- Range: The distance people are willing to travel for the service

- Distance varies depending on demand and quality of the good

ex: Toothbrushes can be bought at a close proximity while LV bags are located in further, as they're higher quality that people are willing to travel for