Metabolism and Nutrition Lecture Notes

A collection of vocabulary flashcards based on the lecture notes focusing on metabolism, nutrients, and the digestive system.

Water

Considered to be a major nutrient.

Mypyramid

Contains different food categories to promote proper food balance.

Carbohydrates

Sugars and starches derived from plants, needed by cells to produce ATP.

Glycogen

The storage form of glucose.

Lipids

Cholesterol and phospholipids; most dietary lipids are triglycerides that insulate and store energy.

Saturated fats

Bad fats from animal products like meat and dairy, which can increase LDL cholesterol.

Unsaturated fats

Good fats from seeds, nuts, and most vegetable oils that can improve blood cholesterol levels.

Proteins

Polymers of amino acids that form the bulk of muscles and connective tissues, primarily from animal products.

Essential amino acids

Eight amino acids that the body cannot synthesize.

Vitamins

Organic nutrients needed in small amounts, classified as fat-soluble or water-soluble.

Minerals

Inorganic substances needed by the body for growth and health.

Metabolism

Refers to all chemical reactions necessary to maintain life, including catabolism and anabolism.

Cellular respiration

The process of breaking down food molecules through the use of oxygen.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that energizes glucose to yield ATP and pyruvic acid.

Kreb's cycle

The cycle in mitochondria producing carbon dioxide and a small amount of ATP during cellular respiration.

Electron transport chain

The pathway producing the majority of ATP in mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation.

Hyperglycemia

Condition where blood contains excessive amounts of glucose.

Hypoglycemia

Condition of low blood glucose levels.

Acidosis

Condition in which blood becomes acidic due to intermediate products from fat metabolism.

Glycogenesis

Formation of glycogen from glucose.

Glycogenolysis

Splitting of glycogen to release glucose.

Gluconeogenesis

Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates by the liver.

Cholesterol

A structural component of cell membranes, not used for energy.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Transports cholesterol to body cells, often referred to as 'bad cholesterol'.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Transports cholesterol from body cells to the liver, considered 'good cholesterol'.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

The amount of energy used by the body at rest.

Thyroxine

Hormone that regulates metabolism and is important in determining BMR.

Hyperthyroidism

Condition resulting in an excessive metabolic rate.

Hypothyroidism

Condition leading to slowed metabolism.

Heat stroke

Condition where body temperature rises dangerously high, causing potential brain damage.

Pyrogens

Substances that cause the body's thermostat to be set higher, resulting in fever.

Cleft palate/cleft lip defect

Condition where child is unable to suck properly due to malformation.

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Condition where the esophagus and trachea are improperly connected, causing feeding difficulties.

Gastroenteritis

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract often due to infection.

Peptic ulcer

Infection of the lining of the stomach or intestine.

Constipation

Condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements, often due to lack of fiber.

Steatorrhea

Fat malabsorption leading to fat in the stool.