BYU CELL 220 Exam #1

gross anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

microscopic anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

anatomy

structure

Physiology

Function

Structural Organization of the Body Pyramid (Bottom to top)

Organism, Organ system, Organ level, Tissue level, cellular level, Chemical level

integumentary system

encloses internal body structures; site of many sensory receptors

Integumentary system parts

Hair, skin, nails

skeletal system

supports the body and enables movement

Skeletal System Parts

Cartilage, Bones, Joints

muscular system

enables movement and helps maintain body temperature

Muscular system parts

Skeletal muscles, tendons

nervous system

detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses

Nervous system parts

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

endocrine system

secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes

Endocrine system parts

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries

cardiovascular system

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and equalizes temperature in the body

cardiovascular system parts

heart, blood vessels

lymphatic system

returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens

lymphatic system parts

thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

respiratory system

removes carbon dioxide from the body and delivers oxygen to blood

respiratory system parts

nasal sinus, trachea, lungs

digestive system

processes food for use by the body and removes wastes from undigested food

digestive system parts

stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, small intestine

urinary system

controls water balance in the body and removes wastes from blood and excretes them

Urinary system parts

kidneys, urinary bladder

male reproductive system

produces sex hormones and gametes and delivers gametes to female

Male reproductive parts

Epididymis, testes

female reproductive system

produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus until birth, and produces milk for infant

Female reproductive parts

mammary glands, ovaries, uterus

ventral/anterior

towards the front

dorsal/posterior

towards the back

Superior/cranial/cephalic

towards the head

caudal/inferior

below

lateral

away from middle

medial

towards middle

proximal

towards torso (appendages)

distal

away from torso (appendages)

superficial

close to surface

deep

deep to surface

midsagittal (median) plane

divides the body into an equal left and right side

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

oblique plane

passes through the body at an angle

frons

forehead/ frontal

cranium

skull/ cranial

Facies

face/facial

oris

mouth/ oral

mentis

chin/ mental

axilla

armpit/ axillary

brachium

arm/ brachial

antecubitis

front of elbow/ antecubital

antebrachium

forearm/ antebrachial

carpus

wrist/ carpal

pollex

thumb

palma

palm/ palmar

digits

phalanges or fingers/ digital or phalangeal

patella

kneecap/ patellar

crus

leg/ crural

tarsus

ankle/ tarsal

digits

phalanges or toes/ digital or phalangeal

Halux

great toe (big toe)

oculus

eye/ orbital or ocular

bucca

cheek/ buccal

auris

ear/ otic

nasus

nose/ nasal

cervicis

neck/ cervical

thorcis or thorax

chest/ thoracic

mamma

breast/ mammary

abdomen

abdominal

umbilicus

navel/ umbilical

hip

coxal

pelvis

pelvic

inguen

groin/ inguinal

pubis

pubic

femur

thigh/ femoral

shoulder

acromial

dorsum

back/ dorsal

brachium

arm/ brachial

olecranon

back of elbow/ olecranal

lumbus

loin/ lumbar

sacrum

sacral

antebrachium

forearm/ antebrachial

manus

hand/ manual

gluteus

buttock/ gluteal

femur

thigh/ femoral

popliteus

back of knee/ popliteal

sura

calf/ sural

calcaneus

heel of foot/ calcaneal

planta

sole of foot/ plantar

cephalon

head/ cephalic

cervicis

neck/ cervical

ventral body cavity

both thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Dorsal body cavity

Cranial cavity, vertebral cavity

Thoracic cavity

Superior mediastinum, Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity (within the mediastinum)

Abdomino-pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Right upper, Left upper, right lower, left lower

Right Upper Quadrant

liver, gall bladder, duodenum, large intestines

Left Upper quadrant

liver, stomach, spleen, large intestines

Right lower quadrant

small and large intestines, appendix, bladder

Left lower quadrant

small and large intestines, bladder