reason for limited reform

What economic philosophy did the government adhere to which limited reforms?

Laissez-faire.

What did the government prioritize that restricted social reform?

Balanced budgets, low taxation, and non-intervention.

Why did elites fear reform in relation to the working class?

They believed empowering the working class could lead to political radicalism or revolution.

How did some elites perceive poverty?

As a result of moral failure rather than structural issues.

What concept did Samuel Smiles promote regarding personal responsibility?

'Self-help'—the belief that individuals should take personal responsibility to succeed instead of blaming circumstances.

What economic policy did Gladstone commit to?

Laissez-faire and retrenchment.

What was Gladstone's approach to social reforms?

He favored reforms that promoted individual liberty and efficiency over state intervention.

What political philosophy did Disraeli promote?

'One nation conservatism', believing the elite had a duty to help the poor.

How did Disraeli's reforms differ from Gladstone's?

Disraeli's reforms were modest, non-radical, and focused more on moral/social order than economic support.

What are friendly societies?

Self-run working-class saving groups that provide sick pay, funeral costs, and support in hard times.

What values did friendly societies encourage?

Self-reliance and mutual aid.

How were friendly societies viewed in relation to the Poor Law/state welfare?

They were seen as a respectable alternative.