BI 451 Algae Lecture Final

What are the different thallus forms? (6)

• unicellular/colonies

• filaments

• branched cylinders

• blade

• crustose

• saccate/tubular

What are the different cross-sectional shapes?

• tetrete (cyllindrical)

• compressed (elliptical)

• blade-like (flattened)

What are the three meristem types?

• apical (top)

• intercalary (basal/distal - side)

• diffuse (throughout)

How is a holdfast different than roots?

Holdfasts are anchors, roots absorb nutrients

What are the 4 holdfast types?

• discoid

• hapterous

• rhizomatus

  • crustose

How is rhizomatous different than rhizoidal attachment?

Rhizomatous is axis that spreads and anchors (macroscopic)

Rhizoidal attachment are filaments that attach the thallus to substrate (microscopic)

What is an example of an organism with an apical meristem?

Analipus

What is an example of an organism with an intercalary meristem?

Mazzaella parksii

What is an example of an organism with a diffuse meristem?

Codium setchellii

What is an example of an red algae with a rhizomatous holdfast?

Microcladia borealis

What is an example of an organism with a hapterous holdfast?

Alaria

What is an example of an organism with a discoid holdfast?

Constantinea

What is an example of an organism with a crustose holdfast?

Bossiella

Distichous

branching on two sides of the central axis

Pectinate

branching on 1 side of the central axis

What are the 3 distichous branching patterns?

alternate, opposite, pinnate

What are the 3 one sided branching patterns?

dichotomous, pectinate, sympodial

What are the 3 3D branching patterns?

radial/spiral, whorled, irregular

What is an example of an algae with alternate branching?

Odonthalia floccosa

What is an example of an algae with opposite branching?

Corallina officinalis

What is an example of an algae with pinnate branching?

Bryopsis

What is an example of an algae with pectinate branching?

Microcladia borealis

What is an example of an algae with dichotomous branching?

Fucus distichus

What is an example of an algae with spiral branching?

Neorhodomela

What is an example of an organism with irregular branching?

Endocladia

What is an example of a genus with whorled branching?

Gloiosiphonia

What are the four reproductive strategies?

Sporophyll, sori, receptacles, cystocarps

Cortex

outer layer - photosynthetic pigments

Medulla

inner colorless tissue - support and transport

What are the 4 anatomy types?

unicellular, filaments, sheets, parenchyma, pseudoparenchyma

What is an example of an algae that is filamentous?

Acrosiphonia

What is an example of an algae that is parenchymatous?

Colpomenia

What is an example of an algae that is pseudoparenchymatous?

Codium setchellii

primary endosymbiosis

eukaryotic cell envelops a prokaryote - organelle created

secondary endosymbiosis

eukaryotic cell envelops another eukaryote (that already has prokaryote inside)

What came from the first primary endosymbiosis?

the mitochondria

First Primary Endosymbiosis

Eukaryote envelops purple prokaryote, becomes true Eukaryote

Second Primary Endosymbiosis

True eukaryote envelops photosynthetic bacteria → primoplantae + green plastids

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Eukaryote eats a red algae → brown algae

Plastids

membrane bound organelles that help with photosynthesis and storage

Thylakoids

holds pigments

In which algae are the thylakoids stacked?

green + brown

Pyrenoids

centers of CO2 fixation

Ploidy

number of chromosomes per cell

Diploid

2n

Haploid

1n

Mitosis

1n → 1n + 1n

Meiosis

2n → 1n + 1n +1n +1n

Gametogenesis

cells undergoing meiosis to form gametes

What holdfasts promote asexual reproduction?

crusts or rhizomes

What are the four major types of sexual life history?

diplontic, haplontic, haplodiplontic, triphasic

What is an example of an algae with diplontic life history?

Fucus distichus

What is an example of an algae with haplontic life history?

Acrosiphonia

What is an example of an algae with a haplodiplontic life history?

Hedophyllum sessile

What is an example of an algae with a triphasic life history?

Prionitis

Isomorphic

gametophyte and sporophyte look the same

Heteromorphic

alteration of generations (gametophyte and sporophyte 2 different forms)

Diplontic 2n is _______

macroscopic

Diplontic 1n is ______

microscopic

Haplontic 1n is ______

macroscopic

Haplontic 2n ______

microscopic

Haplodiplontic 2n is ______

macroscopic

Haplodiplontic 1n is ______

microscopic

Angiosperms have ______ as the dominant generation

sporophyte (flowers)

Which life histories have only one multicellular stage?

haplontic, diplontic

Which life histories have 2 multicellular stages?

haplodiplontic

What pigments do Chlorophyta have?

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids (B carotene, xanthophyllis)

Where did Chlorophyta diverge from?

red algae

What does the carotenoid pigment xanthophyllis do?

protect from photo-oxidation (sunscreen)

How many flagella does Chlorophyta have?

2 (to find light and each other at surface)

What life history types can Chlorophyta have?

diplontic, haplontic, haplodiplontic

The _____ of Acrosiphonia lives inside of _______

tetrasporophyte, Mazzaella

Endophytic

lives inside plants

Ulva has ______ life history

haplodiplontic

Acrosiphonia have______ life history

haplontic

What pigments do Ochrophyta have?

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, xanthophyllis (fluxantin, violaxanthm), B-carotene

How many flagella do Ochrophyta have?

2 unequal

What life history stages do Ochrophyta have?

Haplontic, diplontic, haplodiplontic

What adaptations allow brown algae to grow in deep waters?

More types of xanthophyllis + B-carotene to get a broader amount of light

What life history strategy does Fucus distichus have?

diplontic

What life history does Hedophyllum have?

haplodiplontic, heteromorphic?

Hedophyllum holds onto ______

Corallina

Ochrophyta also have _____ _____

sieve tubes

What is the acid kelp?

Desmarestiales

When is the plastid origin for Ochrophyta?

secondary edosymbiosis

What pigments do Rhodophyta have?

chlorophyll a, phycobiliproteins, carotenoids (a+B-carotene & xanthophyllis)

How many flagella do Rhodophyta have?

0

What are the life history stages of Rhodophyta?

haplodiplobiontic, triphasic

Rhodophyta also have ____ _____

pit plugs

Pit Plugs

glanular protein blocking pore connecting cells

psammophilic

sand loving

Calcite normally has ___

Mg

Genicula

noncalcified sections of Corallina

What are the other two main parts of Coralline?

Cortex, cover cells

Coralline is the ______

oldest

What are the two intertidal gradients?

elevation gradient, wave exposure gradient

What are the abiotic factors? (5)

nutrients/game delivery, light, water, space, stress/disturbance

What are the biotic factors (2)?

herbivores, species interactions

T/F: In a protected cove, plants in low zone are more wave-exposed than those in the high zone.

F

How could sand disrupt seaweed?

physical damage, smother, disrupt anchors