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32 Terms
What is organic chemistry?
The study of compounds that contain carbon
What elements are found in hydrocarbons?
Only carbon and hydrogen
What is a functional group?
An atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties
What is a heteroatom?
Any atom in an organic compound that is not carbon or hydrogen
What type of bonds does carbon form when surrounded by four atoms?
Four single bonds
Example of a molecule with four single bonds
Methane
What type of bond forms when carbon is surrounded by three atoms?
One double bond
Example of a molecule with a double bond
Ethylene
What type of bond forms when carbon is surrounded by two atoms?
One triple bond
Example of a molecule with a triple bond
Acetylene
What is an alkane?
A hydrocarbon with only single bonds
What is an alkene?
A hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-carbon double bond
What is an alkyne?
A hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond
What is an alcohol functional group?
Hydroxyl group (-OH)
What is an amine functional group?
Amino group (-NH2 or variations)
What is a thiol functional group?
Sulfhydryl group (-SH)
What is an ether functional group?
An oxygen atom between two carbons (R-O-R)
What is an alkyl halide?
A compound containing a carbon bonded to a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I)
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
A compound containing a benzene ring
What is the carbonyl group?
A carbon double bonded to oxygen (C=O)
What is petroleum?
A complex mixture of hydrocarbons containing 1–40 carbon atoms
What is natural gas mainly composed of?
Methane (60–80%)
What are other components of natural gas?
Ethane, propane, and butane
What happens when hydrocarbons burn in oxygen?
They release energy for heating and cooking
What is a condensed structure?
A way of writing molecules showing atoms grouped together
What is a skeletal structure?
A simplified drawing showing carbon chains as lines
What is a ball-and-stick model?
A 3D model showing atoms as balls and bonds as sticks
What is pentane?
An alkane with five carbon atoms
What defines organic compounds in medicine?
Carbon-based compounds used in biological and medical applications
What is the key feature of hydrocarbons?
They contain only carbon and hydrogen
What is refining petroleum?
The process of separating crude oil into useful products
How can functional groups be identified?
By recognizing specific atom arrangements in molecules