Avian Phys 3

Kills pancreatic beta cells

Streptozotcin (STZ)

Insulin producing cells in the pancreas—endocrine cells

Beta cells

90% of diabetes, insulin resistance, can be reversed, often due to lifestyle

Type 2 diabetes

Autoimmune disorder, lack of insulin, reverseable

type 1 diabetes

Main duck used in the poultry industry; developers=young breeders, meat=grow out; 1:5 ratio

Pekin duck

Curtain sided, natural light and ventilattion,18-24hrs of light, 1:1.2 feed ratio, MKW 28-45 days

Duck barn

Main chicken breeds in layer industry

White leghorn crosses, brown hyline

Animals that can't regulate their body heat

Poikilotherms

Homeostasis- Hypothalamus

Maintaining a dynamic constancy of internal environment

Within an organ being regulated (ex. body temp)

Intrinsic

Outside of organ being regulated (ex. hormones)

Extrinsic

Sensor, Integrating center, effector

detects change, determines response, produces result

Amplifies change, until

Positive feedback loop

Doesn’t amplify change, constant

Negative feedback loop

Reseting of physiological zero for dynamic stability and regulated change

Rheostasis

Biological bases for behavior

Brain

Basic functional unit of nervous system; can’t divide by mitosis; respond to physical and chemical stimuli; electrochemical impulses & chemical regulators

Neurons

Sensory neurons, like on the skin

Pseudounipolar neurons

Have two processes, in the retina

Bipolar neurons

Several dendrites and one axon; motor neurons; majority of neurons

Multipolar neurons

Junction between 2 neurons; electrical (gap junctions), and chemical (chemical messanger)

Synapse

One cell influences many cells

Divergence

Many cells influence one cell

Convergence

Pons and spinal cord (autonomic functions like heart rate, respiratory rate, ect.), and cerebellum (fine motor movement and memory (don’t think, just do))

Rhombencephalon or hind brain

Behavior, serotonin, dopamine

Mesencephalon or midbrain

Contains diencephalon which includes the hypothalamus and thalamus

Prosencephalon or forebrain)

basal nuclei, cerebral cortex, thinky thinky bits

Telencephalon or cerebrum

~800 in mammals, all other hormones and neurotransmitters influence it

GnRH

Another outlet for physiological control of homeostasis

Behavior

PFL&NFL adapt to pressures by actively changing internal parameters

Allostasis

Anxiety disorders, stress; best receptive to change = survivors, fight or flight, stress response

Alus Cornelius, Darwin, Walter Cannon, Seyle

Predator/prey, startle, predator V predator, waling in a barn; neurogenic response (fight/flight); part of autonomic nervous system

Seyle phase one- Alarm

Head and low spinal cord; rest/digest

Parasympathetic

Mid spinal cord; fight/flight; increases blood glucose via glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

sympathetic

Makes epinephrine —> norepinephrine —> dopamine

Tyrosine

Make serotonin —> melatonin

Tryptophan

Physiological response to prolonged stressor; the humoral response; hypothalamatic, pituitary, adrenal response

Seyle Phase 2- resistance

bird hypo, pit, adrenal response, increase blood glucose

CRH, ACTH ,Glucocorticoid

Corticosterone, primary role in energy and metabolism (control blood glucose levels), Decrease insulin sensitivity (except brain), good in short term bad in long term

Glucocorticoids

Can’t physically cope with stressor; get sick or DIE

Seyle phase 3- exhaustion

behavior, glucocorticoids, HLR; corticosterone inhibits growth hormone RH

How to measure stress

Harm others vs harm themselves

Plucking vs Picking

1. Pre-encounter threat: prior to encounter, sympathetic dominant

2. Post-encounter threat: freeze, cognitive behavior, parasympathetic dominant

3. Circa threat: fight or flight

Fear freeze

ARAS; orient to threat; turn off to go to sleep; brain inhibits movement

Ascending reticular attention system

LC- main neural pathway associated with freeze

Locus coeruleus

What does cervical dislocation do

destroy pons

group of neurons with similar functions

nucleus

forebrain nuclei form ring around brain stem for basic emotional drives

Limbic system

connects limbic system; Fornix the biggest one

Papez Circuit

1. Feeding-:Hypothalamus, AgRP= strongest hunger signal

2. Sex: opposite of feeding; Insulin & Leptin = repro

3. Fear and Aggression

3 basic behaviors

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater; wrap, nourish, protect brain

Meninges

What does the brain want constantly?

Glucose and oxygen

causes limp birds; breaks down acetylcholine; caused by weed killer

Acetylcholinesterase

Initiate skeletal muscle movement by Substantia Nigra; can prevent Parkinson’s; mesolimbic dopamine system; derived from tyrosine

Dopamine

Serotonin and melatonin; derived from tryptophan; regulation of mood, behavior, appetite; affective state in birds

Inolamines

Long lasting mental state influencing emotions

Affective state

How many duck tongues in a pound?

87

Higher activity of serotonin and dopamine vs lower activity of serotonin and dopamine

Decrease vs Increase turnover

Secretes melatonin; circadian rhythms, light-dark changes

Pineall gland

Modified amino acids: glutamic acid is the strongest

Neurotransmitters

Makes morphine-like compounds to regulate pain

Endogenous opioids

inhibits reproduction: memory and learning; synthesized from L-argenine

Neuropeptide

98% fat free, 6-8ft fence, mature in 18 months, short day breeders, 1:1 ratio, 56 day incubation, 50-70% hatch rate, no egg tooth, splayed legs, need laying hen diet

Emus

Stuff we control, muscles, relays to ANS

Peripheral nervous system

protective mechanism triggered by nociceptors, storage of experiences in memory, substance P propagates it, analgesia suppresses it

Pain

rods and cones, oil droplets, wave particle duality, wavelength specific, quanta activated

Photoreceptors

How many cones do birds have

4, 5 counting double cone

turns blue light into red, activation requires thyroid access, red and white can maintain reproduction

Deep brain photoreceptors

day vs night

photophase vs scotophase

Seet, mobbing, distress

Vocalizations

How many noises does a duck make

19 distinct quacks and 3 egg laying quacks

How many quacks do drakes make

4 quacks

Sounds are based on

Social structure, items in environment