APUSH UNIT #8 - 1920s, Great Depression & World War II (1920-1945)

Great Migration

movement of African Americans from South to North for jobs and escape from segregation

Red Summer Chicago Race Riot

1919 racial violence in cities like Chicago caused by competition and tension

Tulsa Race Riot

1921 destruction of Black community in Tulsa reflecting extreme racial violence

1919 Strikes

wave of labor strikes due to inflation low wages and unrest after World War I

Adkins v Childrens Hospital

case striking down minimum wage laws for women limiting reform

welfare capitalism

system where companies provide benefits to reduce labor unrest

Red Scare

fear of communism leading to repression of radicals

Bolshevik Revolution

1917 Russian revolution establishing communist government

Federal Bureau of Investigation and A Mitchell Palmer

government agency and leader targeting radicals during Red Scare

Palmer raids

government raids arresting suspected radicals without due process

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

controversial trial of immigrants showing bias against radicals

National Womans Party

organization advocating equal rights amendment and womens equality

Equal Rights Amendment

proposed amendment for equal rights regardless of sex

Womens International League for Peace and Freedom WILPF

group promoting peace and womens rights

Warren G Harding

president promoting return to normalcy and limited government

Teapot Dome Scandal

corruption involving secret leasing of oil reserves

Calvin Coolidge

president favoring business growth and limited government

McNary Haugen Bills

proposals to support farmers through price controls that failed

Dollar diplomacy

policy using economic power to influence other nations

Haitian occupation

US military control of Haiti to protect interests

Prohibition and Eighteenth Amendment

ban on alcohol production and sale

Volstead Act

law enforcing prohibition

Speakeasies

illegal bars operating during prohibition

Al Capone

gangster controlling illegal alcohol trade

Gang Wars St Valentines Day Massacre

violent conflicts between criminal groups during prohibition

Billy Sunday

evangelist supporting prohibition and moral reform

American Civil Liberties Union ACLU

organization defending civil rights and freedoms

Scopes Trial

case debating teaching evolution versus religion

Clarence Darrow

lawyer defending evolution in Scopes Trial

William Jennings Bryan

prosecutor supporting fundamentalism in Scopes Trial

Fundamentalism

religious belief in literal interpretation of Bible

Bible Belt

region where fundamentalism strongly influences culture

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

law limiting immigration based on nationality

National Origins Act

law further restricting immigration favoring northern Europeans

Ku Klux Klan

organization promoting white supremacy and nativism

Birth of a Nation

film glorifying Klan and racism

Silver Legion

fascist organization in US during 1930s

Henry Ford

industrialist revolutionizing automobile production

Election of 1928

election highlighting cultural and religious divisions

Al Smith

candidate representing urban immigrant interests

Herbert Hoover

president during start of Great Depression

Harlem Renaissance

cultural movement celebrating African American art and literature

Langston Hughes

writer expressing African American experience

Zora Neale Hurston

author exploring Black culture and folklore

Jazz

music style symbolizing cultural change

Louis Armstrong

jazz musician influential in popular culture

Duke Ellington

jazz composer leading big band music

Universal Negro Improvement Association and Marcus Garvey

organization promoting Black pride and independence

pan Africanism

idea promoting unity of African descent worldwide

Lost Generation

group of writers disillusioned after World War I

Gertrude Stein

writer who influenced Lost Generation authors

Ernest Hemingway

author portraying postwar disillusionment

Sinclair Lewis

writer criticizing American society

F Scott Fitzgerald

author depicting wealth and excess of 1920s

Charles Lindbergh

aviator symbolizing technological progress

Corporate Consolidation

trend of businesses merging to reduce competition

Consumer Culture

society focused on buying goods and material success

Radio

new communication technology spreading information and entertainment

consumer credit

ability to purchase goods through borrowing

Automobile Model Ts

cars transforming transportation and society

Leisure time

increase in free time due to productivity gains

Babe Ruth

baseball player symbolizing sports popularity

Jack Dempsey

boxer representing mass entertainment

Hollywood

film industry shaping culture and entertainment

Flapper

woman challenging traditional roles with new behavior and style

Charlie Chaplin

film actor representing early cinema

Radio Corporation of America

company expanding radio technology

Soft power

influence through culture and diplomacy rather than force

Speculation

risky investment expecting profit

Buying on Margin

purchasing stocks with borrowed money increasing risk

Overexpansion of Credit

excess borrowing contributing to economic collapse

Black Tuesday

stock market crash marking Great Depression

Margaret Sanger Birth Control

activist promoting access to contraception

Smoot Hawley Tariff

law raising tariffs worsening global trade during depression

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

agency providing loans to banks and businesses

Hoovervilles

shantytowns of homeless people during depression

Bonus Army and Douglas MacArthur

veterans demanding payments dispersed by military force

Election of 1932

election bringing Roosevelt to power

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

president leading New Deal reforms

Twentieth Amendment

amendment shortening time between election and inauguration

New Deal

program addressing economic crisis through government action

Relief Recovery Reform

goals of New Deal to provide aid restart economy and regulate system

Fireside Chats

radio talks by Roosevelt building public trust

Brains Trust

group of advisors helping shape New Deal policies

Harold L Ickes

official managing public works programs

Frances Perkins

secretary of labor promoting worker protections

Henry A Wallace

agriculture secretary supporting farm programs

Henry Morgenthau Jr

treasury secretary managing economic policy

Hundred Days

initial period of intense New Deal legislation

Bank Holiday

temporary closure of banks to restore confidence

Glass Steagall Act

law separating banking activities and creating insurance

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation FDIC

agency insuring bank deposits

Agricultural Adjustment Act AAA

program reducing production to raise farm prices

National Recovery Administration NRA

agency regulating industry and wages later struck down

Federal Emergency Relief Administration FERA

program providing direct relief to unemployed

Harry Hopkins

leader of relief programs aiding unemployed

Public Works Administration PWA

program funding large infrastructure projects

Civilian Conservation Corps CCC

program employing young men in conservation work

Federal Housing Administration FHA

agency supporting home loans and construction

Securities and Exchange Commission SEC

agency regulating stock market