Formulas and Definations- 4

Energy (Defination)

Energy means the ability to do work.

Principle of conservation of energy (Defination)

the principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed; if energy disappears in one form. it re-appears in another.

Kinetic Energy

Eκ = ½×m×v²

Kinetic Energy= ½× mass× velocity ²

Eκ= Kinetic Energy (J)

m= mass (kg)

v= velocity (ms⁻¹)

Units= kgm²s⁻² or J

Potiential Energy

Ep= m×g×h

Potiential energy= Mass× gravity × height

Ep= Potiential Energy ( J)

m= mass (kg )

h= height ( m)

g= acceleration due to gravity (ms⁻2)

Types of energy

Nuclear

Thermal

Light

Kinetic

Potiential

Sound

Mechanical

Chemical

Heat and matter thoeries

Caloric theory and kinetic theory

Kinetic Theory

All matter is made up of small particles in continual state of motion. As a result of this motion heat is formed. Friction causes this heat due to mechanical energy being converted to kinetic energy in the substance.

Caloric Theory

Caloric Theory states that heat was fluid called caloric. Calcoric was created from friction between particles and this fluid moved from hot bodies to cold bodies when in contact

Kinetic theory examples (2)

Eg.

1) Brownian Motion- The erratic movement of particles because of thier interaction with other molecules

2) Diffusion in liquids- movement of perticles from a place of high concentration to a low concentration along a concentration gradient.

States of matter ( Label 1 to 6 be sure to mention the changes in state)

1) Melting- Solid to liquid

2) Boiling- Liquid to gas

3) Freezing- Liquid to solid

4) Condensation- Gas to liquid

5) Sublimation- Solid to gas

6) Deposition- Gas to solid

Types of thermometers

1) Laboratory

2) Mercury

3) Clinical/ Medical

4) Theromocouple

5) Alcohol

Laboratory Thermometer ( 3 points- Use, range, why its used and how it works, restriction)

Laboratory theromometers are used in scientific experiments and have a range of −10 celsius to 110 celsius.

Its used to measure the temputure of liquids during experiments because it has no constriction meaning the liquid moves up and down freely.

You must read the theromometer while still in the substance because the liquid within the thermometer falls immediately when removed.

Mercury Thermometer

Mercury Thermometers uses mecury, a metal liquid because its shing and easy to see and expands evenly making the reading more accurate. It has a range of −39 celsius to 357 celsius and are used in labs or medicine.

Alcohol Thermometer ( usual features, use and why, range)

Alcohol theromometers use alcohol that is usually dyed. These thermometers are used to measure very low temputures because alcohol freezes lower than mercury and its range is below -100 celsius.

Celsius to Kelvin

Celsius value+ 273 = Kelvin value

fahrenheit to kelvin

Fahrenheit value +255 = Kelvin value