Articulation Final

Atypical Phonological Processes

Phonological patterns identified by Oller (1975) that are not typically found in development, including backing, initial consonant deletion, and glottal replacement.

Acoustic Phonetics

The branch of phonetics that looks at sound transmission.

Acquired Apraxia of Speech

A disorder of expressive communication resulting from brain damage affecting the planning and programming of speech sounds, sequences, and prosody, while auditory comprehension remains intact.

Articulation Disorder

A subcategory of speech disorder characterized by motor production difficulties and atypical productions such as substitutions, omissions, additions, or distortions.

Auditory Phonetics

The branch of phonetics that studies speech sound perception.

Auditory-verbal therapy

A treatment approach for hearing impairment focused on developing spoken communication with full family involvement.

Approximants

A major manner type of consonants that includes glides like /w, j/.

Ataxia

A lack of coordination and balance that affects the timing and sequencing of speech movements.

Binary Systems of Distinctive Features

A system used to classify sounds based on five categories established in The Sound Pattern of English ($1968$): Major class features, Cavity Features, Manner of articulation Features, Source features, and Prosodic Features.

Bradylalia

An abnormally slow speech rate commonly seen in spastic and hypokinetic dysarthria.

Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)

A neurological pediatric speech sound disorder in which precision and consistency of movements are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits, specifically affecting the planning/programming of movement sequences.

Clefting

A division of a continuous structure due to the failure of the palate to fuse during fetal development.

Code Switching / Mixing

A normal developmental and social process of alternating between L1 and L2 (or between AAVE and SAE) within or between phrases.

Complexity Approach

A therapy approach based on findings that providing more complex linguistic input promotes greater change on untreated related targets in the phonological system.

Consistent Phonological Disorder

The third of Dodd’s ($2013$) categories, applied to children who demonstrate consistent use of non-developmental error patterns, potentially alongside delayed developmental patterns.

Conductive Loss

A type of hearing loss affecting the mechanical transfer of sound waves through the outer or middle ear, often caused by otitis media.

Core Vocabulary

An approach targeting 50-70 functionally powerful words to improve consistency rather than accuracy; goals include the ability to generate consistent phonological plans.

Cultural Dialects

Diaects defined according to the race, culture, or ethnicity of a group.

Cerebral Palsy

A nonprogressive disorder of motor control caused by brain damage during pre-, peri-, or postnatal periods; it affects approximately $ext{~}3/1,000$ births.

Criterion

A component of a strong goal that establishes how it will be known the objective has been met, often involving accuracy percentages or trial counts.

Denasalization

A process involving the replacement of a nasal sound with a non-nasal sound, changing airflow from nasal to oral.

Dialect

A neutral label for any variety of a language shared by a group of speakers — no good or bad dialects exist.

Differential diagnostic system

A descriptive linguistic model used to classify speech sound disorders into categories like Articulation Disorder, Phonological Delay, Consistent Phonological Disorder, Inconsistent Phonological Disorder, and Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

Devoicing

A process involving the removal of vocal fold vibration, converting voiced sounds into voiceless ones, such as /b/ to /p/.

Dialect Diversity

The presence of various dialects within a language and how they adapt to cultural contexts.

Deaffrication

The substitution of an affricate sound with a fricative to simplify the manner of articulation.

Dyskinesia

Involuntary, uncontrolled movements affecting speech and motor function, including athetoid movements.

Emerging phonology

The developmental period during which conventional words first start to appear as a means of communication.

Ethnic Dialect

Dialects defined according to the race, culture, or ethnicity of a group.

Final Consonant Deletion

A syllable structure process where the final consonant in a word is deleted, such as "bu" for "book".

Functional Etiology

Speech production errors in the absence of any identifiable pathology or etiology.

Gliding

A substitution process where a liquid sound ($r$, $l$) is replaced with a glide sound ($w$, $y$).

Hemiplegia

A subtype of spasticity that affects only one side of the body.

Hearing Impairment

A generic term for any diminished ability in normal sound reception, described by its type and degree (mild through profound).

Intelligibility

A judgment made by a clinician based on how much of an utterance can be understood.

Jacobsens Discontinuity Hypothesis

A theory suggesting that babbling is not random and is restricted to a small set of segments; the transition from babbling to speech is abrupt but continuous.

Language Disorder

The impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems across parameters like phonology, morphology, or syntax.

Language Sample Techniques

Methods of collecting and analyzing spontaneous speech samples from clients to inform therapy goals and track progress.

Macroglossia

An abnormally large tongue, associated with the characteristic articulatory difficulties in Down Syndrome.

Marked sounds

Sounds that are less natural and tend to be acquired later in development.

Minimal Pairs

Two words that differ in only one phoneme value, such as swing, sing, ring, and wing.

Minimal Pairs Therapy

An intervention strategy utilizing minimal pairs to target specific sound contrasts that lead to greater clarity in speech production.

Multiple Oppositions Approach

A method that utilizes the child's collapse of phonemic contrasts within minimal pair therapy.

Natural Phonology

A theory designed to explain the orderly development of the phonological system in children by progressing from simpler, unmarked sounds to more complex, marked sounds.

Nonreduplicated (Variegated) Babbling

A feature of Stage 4 (Canonical Babbling) featuring varied syllables in a sequence, mixing different consonant and vowel sounds like "bada".

Oral (Nonverbal) Apraxia

A disturbance in planning and executing volitional nonspeech movements of oral structures, such as the inability to stick out the tongue on command.

Paired Oppositions Approach

A phonologically based approach that targets phonemic contrasts and differences in meaning between two words (e.g., tap vs. cap) without explicit instruction on articulatory placement.

Phonemics

The study of the abstract features of sounds that classify meaning in a particular language.

Phonotactics

The description of the allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language.

Receptive Language Skills

The ability to understand language that is heard, read, or communicated in any form.

Reduplicated Babbling

A feature of Stage 4 (Canonical Babbling) involving the repetition of the same syllable, such as "bababa" or "dadada".

Regional Dialect

Dialects that correspond to geographical locations, with four major regions in the U.S.: North, South, Midland, and West.

Screening

A brief initial check to identify potential speech issues and determine if further, more detailed assessment is required.

Silent Posturing

The positioning of the articulators for a specific sound without any actual sound production.

Social Dialect

Dialects generally related to the socioeconomic status of the speaker community.

Sound Production Techniques

Various methods employed in speech therapy to support accurate and clear sound production.

Spasticity

A condition of increased muscle tone found in some types of Cerebral Palsy.

Speech Sound Disorder

A condition occurring when difficulties making certain speech sounds continue past an age-appropriate time frame; an umbrella term for articulation and phonological disorders.

Speech Intelligibility

The aspect of oral speech-language output that allows a listener to understand what a speaker is saying; it is the primary therapeutic goal for clients with hearing impairment.

Speech Articulation Strategy

The techniques used to enhance speech sounds and improve clarity within speech therapy.

Stopping

A substitution process where a fricative ($s$, $z$, $f$, $v$, $th's$, $h$, $sh$, $zh$) is replaced with a stop ($b$, $p$, $d$, $t$, $g$, $k$).

Traditional Approach (Van Riper, 1978)

An articulation approach that is sensory or motor-based, following a sequence from speech sound discrimination to conversational speech.

Transmission & Perception

The biological and physiological aspects of producing and hearing speech sounds during communication.

Unintelligibility

A state where speech is so disordered that the speaker's intended message cannot be understood by the listener.

VPI (Velopharyngeal Incompetence)

The central diagnostic issue in cleft palate, resulting in hypernasal resonance, nasal air emission, sound distortions, and substitutions.

Weak Syllable Deletion

A syllable structure process where an unstressed syllable in a word is deleted, such as "tato" for "potato".

Z-Score Analysis in Language Assessment

A method of measuring the relative performance of an individual's language abilities in comparison to normative data.