AP Gov Court Cases, Required Docs, Amendments, Clauses, and Articles wow!

Made this an hour and a half before the exam btw

Marbury v. Madison

Clause: Article III
Established judicial review.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Clause: Necessary and Proper Clause.

Confirmed federal supremacy, states cannot tax federal institutions.

Schenck v. United States

Clause: 1st Amendment

Created the clear and present danger test, free speech can be restricted in wartime.

Brown v. Board of Education

Clause: Equal Protection Clause

Overturned “separate but equal,” racial segregation in schools is unconstitutional.

Baker v. Carr

Clause: Equal Protection Clause

Established “one person, one vote,” federal courts can review redistricting.

Engel v. Vitale

Clause: Establishent Clause

Banned state-mandated school prayer, violates the establishment clause.

Gideon v. Wainwright

Clause: 6th & 14th Amendments

States must provide free lawyers to defendants who can’t afford one.

Tinker v. Des Moines

Clause: 1st Amendment, Free Speech

Protected symbolic student speech, armbands protesting Vietnam War were allowed.

New York Times v. Unites States

Clause: 1st Amendment, Freedom of the Press

Allowed prior restraint, government couldnt block the Pentagon Papers.

Wisconsin v. Yoder

Clause: Free Exercise Clause

Amish families can refuse compulsory schooling for religious reasons.

Shaw v. Reno

Clause: Equal Protection Clause

Banned racial gerrymandering, districts drawn for racial balance violate the Equal Protection Clause.

United States v. Lopez

Clause: Commerce Clause

Struck down the g*n-free school zones act, Congress overstepped its Commerce Clause power.

McDonald v. Chicago

Clause: Due Process Clause

Applied the 2nd Amendment to states, banned strict gun bans.

Citizens United v. FEC

Clause: 1st Amendment, Free Speech

Corporations/unions can spend unlimited money in elections as free speech.

Declaration of Independence

Natural rights, social contract, popular sovereignty, “consent of the governed.”

Articles of Confederation

Weak central government, state sovereignty, no power to tax, unicameral legislature.

U.S. Constitution

Defines federal structure, separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, limited government.

Federalist No. 10

James Madison argues a large republic controls the chaos of factions, better than a small republic.

Brutus No. 1

The Anti-Federalist argues a large republic leads to chaos and less individual liberty, prefers weak central government and power in the states.

Federalist No. 51

James Madison argues for a separation of powers and checks and balances to prevent on branch from becoming too powerful.

Federalist No. 70

Alexander Hamilton argues for a strong, energetic single executive, rather than a group.

Federalist No. 78

Alexander Hamilton argues for an independent judiciary, lifetime tenure, and judicial review.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

Martin Luther King Jr. defneds nonviolent direct action to combat injustice, argues for equal protection under law.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments, protects civil liberties and a limited government.

Article I

The powers of Congress. Structures, powers, limits.

Article II

Powers of the President.

Article III

Outlines the powers of the Supreme Court.

Article V

The Amendment Process.

Commerce Clause

Congress has the power to regulate trade.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Elastic clause. Grants Congress implied powers.

Supremacy Clause

National laws overrule state laws.

Establishment Clause

No government established religion.

Free Exercise Clause

Laws canot prevent free exercise of religion.

Due Process Clause

14th Amendment, used to incorporate bill of rights to the states. (2) Life, liberty, and property. Bill of Rights for the states.

Equal Protection Clause

14th Amendment, equal protection for all under the law.

1st Amendment

Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

2nd Amendment

The right to keep and bear arms.

4th Amendment

No illegal searches or seizures.

5th Amendment

Grand jury and indictments, right to remain silent, no double jeopardy, due process, emininent domain.

6th Amendment

Right to a speedy and public trial, impartial jury, witnesses, and right to an attorney.

8th Amendment

No cruel and unusual punishment.

9th Amendment

Protects fundamental rights.

10th Amendment

Reserved powers.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery.

14th Amendment

Citizenship, equal protection, due process.

15th Amendment

Voting rights regardness of race/color.

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators.

19th Amendment

Women’s suffrage.

22nd Amendment

Each President can only serve 2 4-year terms.

24th Amendment

No poll tax.

26th Amendment

Voting rights at 18.