Dr Fahim Final Exam FULL Chap 21 The Endocrine System IU Indianapolis

Anabolism =

building up

Catabolism =

Breaking down

Two ways metabolism is regulated

regulation of enzymes

compartmentation

modulation of enzymes means

turning on/off

compartmentation means

location of enzymes in the body

carbs are transported and absorbed as ___ n the GI tract

glucose

Proteins are transported and absorbed as ___ n the GI tract

amino acids

Lipids are transported and absorbed as ___ in the GI tract

lipoproteins

Carbs are absorbed in the form of ____

monosaccharides

glycogenesis =

glucose to glycogen (making glycogen)

2 multiple choice options

glycogenolysis =

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

2 multiple choice options

Proteolysis =

breakdown of proteins

2 multiple choice options

When protein is broken down it releases

CO2, ammonia

Ammonia goes to the ___ to produce ____

liver, Urea

Lipoproteins make lipids ____ ____

water soluable

Lipoprotein lipase does what?

removes fat from protein

Monoglycerides enter the ___

liver

Fatty acids enter ____ and some in ____

adipocytes, liver

lipolysis produces ____ and ____

CO2, energy

Carbohydrate storage site =

liver, skeletal muscle

Protein storage site =

skeletal muscle

Lipids storage site =

adipose tissue and liver

for energy input it must equal the energy ___

output

Energy balance is regulated by the?

endocrine system

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) =

Energy expenditure necessary to maintain body functions

The main thing that affects metabolic rate is ___ and ____

muscles, hormones

Metabolic rate increases with increases in ____

activity

Metabolic rate = BMR + ____

additional energy expenditure

positive balance =

Energy intake > Energy output

1 multiple choice option

Negative balance =

Energy intake < Energy output

The main hormone for absorptive state is?

Insulin

The main hormone for postabsorptive state is?

Glucagon

Insulin is a ____ hormone

peptide

Insulin is released by ___ cells

beta

Insulin comes from the ___ __ ____

islet of langerhans

Insulin promotes ___ uptake by ___ cells

glucose, body

The brain, liver, and exercise muscle all have ____

Insulin independent glut transporters

Insulin helps with ___and ___

storage, build

insulin has more ___ reactions

anabolic

Beta cells (insulin) direct stimulation causes increased plasma ___ ___ concentration

amino acid

Beta cells (insulin) direct stimulation causes increased plasma ____ concentration

glucose

Feedforward mechanisms is caused from?

presence of food in the GI tract

Feedforward mechanism will stimulate the ___ nervous system, ___ and ___

parasympathetic, GIP, GIP1

When eating ___ is activated (absorptive state)

insulin

3 multiple choice options

When fasting ___ is activated (postabsorptive)

glucagon

3 multiple choice options

Beta cells in the postabsorptive state are ____ and is done through ____

inhibited, epinephrine

High glucose stimulates ___

insulin secretion

Glucose enters inside of a cell through ____

GLUT2

After the glucose has entered a cell it goes through ____ ___ to make ___

cellular respiration, ATP

After the ATP is produced from cellular respiration it closes ___ channels

potassium

When the potassium channels are closed from ATP it ____ the cell

depolarizes

When the cell becomes depolarized it opens _____ gated channel and ___ enters the cell

calcium, calcium

3 multiple choice options

After the calcium enters the cell it triggers ___ release via ____

insulin, exocytosis

GLUT2 is insulin _____

independent

1 multiple choice option

Glucagon is a ___ hormone

peptide

Glucagon are ___ cells located in the ___ ___ ___

alpha, islet of Langerhans

Glucagon promotes ____ of energy ___ molecules

breakdown, storage

Glucagon source of energy

fat, protein

Alpha cell postabsorptive state stimuli (releases glucagon)

increased plasma amino acid concentration

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

glucagon-like polypeptide 1

What stops glucose (a cells) from continuing

having high plasma glucose concentration

Hyperglycemia could mean someone is ____

diabetic

Blood glucose levels are maintained primarily by actions of _____ and ___

insulin, glucagon

In an absorptive state most cells have ___ transporters

GLUT4

In an absorptive state the liver and muscle have ____ to maintain gradient

glycogenesis

in a postabsorptive state the liver is doing ____ and ____

gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis

In a postabsorptive state adipose tissue is going through ____ and ____ sparing

lipolysis, glucose

Low glucose concentration in blood for glucose receptors in the CNS stimulates ___ release

epinephrine

Insulin deficiency =

type 1 diabetes

Deficient insulin targe cell response =

type 2 diabetes

Homeothermic

maintains a relatively constant internal temperature

Endothermic =

generate heat from within

Temperature balance is heat gain __ heat loss

Negative balance is heat gain ___ heat loss

Positive balance is heat gain __ heat loss

=

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3 multiple choice options

Hypothermia =

decrease in core temperature

hyperthermia =

increase in core temperature

Heat exhaustion =

body trying to cool

Heat stroke =

cannot be fixed normally and possible death

radiation =

thermal energy through electromagnetic waves

conduction =

thermal energy through contact

evaporation =

water loss (sweating, relative humidity matter)

convection =

heat transfer by movement of fluid or air

dry air allows ___ to evaporate easy

sweat

Thermoregulatory center is in the ____

hypothalamus

central thermoreceptors detect temps in the ___

core

peripheral thermoreceptors detect temps in the ___

skin (surface temp)

Fevers happen because of ____, ___

WBC, Pyrogens