General Biology 2 Lab Quiz #4

Mycelium

Mass of hyphae that forms the fungal body
Clones itself using mitosis, produces asexual spores from a single strain

Hypha

Thread-like filaments made of fungal cells
Have cells walls made up of Chitin
Absorb digested food

Zygosporangium

Sexual structure for meiosis, helps animals attach for dispersal (spiky & resistant to harsh conditions)
Formed after plasmogamy
Inside: Karyogamy occurs, then meiosis

Aerial sporangia

Produce asexual spores upwards from hyphae, grow upward for air dispersal (made from mitosis, 1 parent)
Insect/Animal Dispersal

Ascus

site of meiosis

Ascospores

Sexual spores made inside the ascus, produced by meiosis

Conidia

Chains of asexual spores (made from mitosis)
Spores are launched through wind, or eaten and not digested

Basidium

site of meiosis

Basidiospores

Developed from basidium (meiosis), sexual spores
Spores are dispersed by wind or eaten and not digested

Plasmogamy

Two different fungal cells fuse their cytoplasm and the nuclei stay separate, two nuclei form a structure called dikaryon and hyphae that house these are dikaryotic

Karyogamy

Two nuclei join together, one diploid nucleus

Meiosis

Where sexual spores are formed, diploid to haploid spores

Mitosis

Spores become fungi and grow into hyphae which branch together to form mycelium

Gametophyte (Haploid 1n)

Produces haploid gametes via mitosis

Sporophyte (Diploid 2n)

Produces haploid spores via meiosis

Antheridium

Contain flagellated sperm, require water

Archegonium

Produce one egg

Embryo sac

Inside ovule, produces egg (flowering plants)

Pollen grain

More derived, does not require free water, deposits sperm nuclei directly with the egg

Phloem

Sugar and nutrients produced in leaves and sent to the other parts of the plant

Xylem

Water and dissolved minerals from the roots sent to the upper part of the plant, contains tracheids (specialized cell for water transport and structural support)

Seed production

Embryonic plant, has a protective coat that prevents desiccation (loss of water) and maintains right conditions, supplies food to maintain embryo, produce root and shoot (stems, leaves), carry out photosynthesis

Heterosporous

Microspores develop into male gametophyte, Megaspores develop into female gametophyte

Homosporous

1 size of spore, female or male, (ferns: hermaphroditic) develops into gametophytes

Haploid

one copy of each chromosome

Diploid

two copies of each chromosome

Sori

Collection of sporangia (sacks of haploid spores) on underside of leaf (fern leaves, fronds)

Population ecology

Study of how populations change and interact with the environment

Mark - Recapture

Mark owls, go back a second time and see how many owls you marked
If many owls are marked in second time, population is small
If less owls are marked in second time, population is large

Radio Telemetry

Radio signals, finds and maps location of animals, determines survival rates and causes of mortality (emit signal when animal might be dead)
Inexpensive & antiquated (old-fashioned) but still used

Double fertilization

Two sperm fertilize two cells: one forms the embryo, one forms the food (endosperm)

Behavioral ecology

Study of how behavior is shaped by the environment to improve survival and reproduction