Ans

% phosphorylation phosporylation

________ increases what two things in smoot mucle velocity of contraction and force of contraction latch mechanism hypothesis for smooth muscle slower crossbridge cycle= increase time for myosin head attached to thin filament= longer force skeletal muscle contraction is crolled by the alpha motor neuron and the rceptor at the skeletal NMJ autonomic control at smooth muscle cell can generate AP which will travel throughout cell by gap junctions hormonal control of smooth muscle: 1. hormone bind to smooth muscle cell.

velocity of shortening

Stress is load, tension, or force per unit area ________ is measured by determining how far the muscle contracts in a given time.

Median Eminence

________ and Infundibulum in the PNS, satellite cells= astrocytes in the PNS, schwann cells= oligodendrocytes Satellite cells surround cell bodies of neurons in sensory and autonomic ganglia Schwann cells- ensheath axons of peripheral nerves.

ANP

________ binds to tyrosine kinase receptor which increases cGMP.

SR

A ligand gated) calcium channel in the ________ depletion of calcium from ________ can lead to activation of store operated calcium channels (SOCs) describe the ways calcium can enter from extracellular compartment 1. voltage gated channels 2.

kinase

Activates protein ________ which increases K+ channel and decreases Ca2+ channel activity.

DAG

________ activates protein kinase which increases Ca2+ channel activity dense core vesciles are located farther from synaptic cleft.

net electrochemical force

Driving force describes the ________ an ion feels Inhibition of the Na+K+ ATPase does what depolarizes the cell towards 0mV plasma fluid and cells inside circulation interstitial compartment fluid surrounding all cells of the body intracellular compartment fluid inside cells main systems to control internal environment nervous, endocrine, immune In negative feedback loops an initial increase in the variable leads to a subsequent decrease in the variable to bring it back to the initial level In positive feedback loops an initial increase in the variable triggers a further increase in that variable.

Sarcomere tension vs length

________ (max overlap) max overlap occurs when the maximum number of cross- bridges on the thick filament will be able to interact with the thin filaments small loads.

Dynein Retrograde Tracers

________ such as pseudorabies virus and horseradish peroxidase are used as research tools in order to label neurons within a specific pathway.

Troponin cardiac

________ and smooth muscle allow for Ca2+ to come from and SR and extracellular smooth muscle cells do not contain troponin calcium can enter the cell via release from the SR which can be due to the IP3 pathway.

Oscillations receptor

________ operated channels- ROCs are activated by binding of different hormones to receptors on smooth muscle cells ANP is released from atrial cells in response to increase in blood volume ANP releaxes smooth muscle by 1.

ADP

When ________ and Pi are bound to myosin, myosin has a low affinity for actin (skeletal has high affinity)

Muscle releaxation Angiotensin II

________ causes contraction of muscle by 1. binds g protein receptor.

Median Eminence and Infundibulum in the PNS, satellite cells = astrocytes in the PNS, schwann cells = oligodendrocytes Satellite cells surround cell bodies of neurons in sensory and autonomic ganglia Schwann cells

ensheath axons of peripheral nerves

connective tissue

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium afferent nerve = a nerve projecting from the PERIPHERY to the CNS efferent nerve = a nerve projecting from the CNS to the periphery outside of the basal lamina, what connective tissue sheath is between individual nerve fibers

rabies virus and bacterium Clostridum tetani what cells make up the central canal ependymal cells the central canal is continuous with the ventricular system the gray matter consists of 3 cell layers

an inner granular layer, and outer molecular layer, and Purkinje cells are seen the three layers of gray matter constitute the cerebral cortex what are the distinguishing features of the autonomic ganglion

shorter than 50msec most acetylcholine-induced organ effects are P-ANS functions except thermoregulatory sweating (S-ANS), release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla (S

ANS) and somatic control of muscle contraction (activation of nicotinic receptors) SNARE complex proteins SNAP-25, syntaxin, synaptobrevin, synaptotagmin 5 criteria for neurotransmitter 1

Phosphorylation of the myosin light chain allows the myosin

ADP-Pi complex to bind to actin (Ca2+ binding to troponin allows for ADP/Pi/Myosin to bind to actin in skeletal) in smooth muscle intracellular calcium will depend on stimulaus max velocity in smooth muscle is dependent on 1

% phosphorylation phosporylation increases what two things in smoot mucle velocity of contraction and force of contraction latch mechanism hypothesis for smooth muscle slower crossbridge cycle = increase time for myosin head attached to thin filament = longer force skeletal muscle contraction is crolled by the alpha motor neuron and the rceptor at the skeletal NMJ autonomic control at smooth muscle cell can generate AP which will travel throughout cell by gap junctions hormonal control of smooth muscle

1. hormone bind to smooth muscle cell

capacitance is the ability of a material to

seperate charge

resistance of a circuit describes the ease with which

charges move

when current is injected into the circuit, the voltage across the circuit will

change exponentially and then reach a steady state

if charges are injected into a cell, the rate at which the voltage across the membrane changes depends on what?

membrane resistance and capacitance

conditions for nernst potential

1. the membrane must have some permeability to a charged particle.
2. there must be different concentrations of the charged particle on each side
of the membrane.
3. the permeability of the other charged particles must be zero.

driving force describes the

net electrochemical force an ion feels

Inhibition of the Na+K+ ATPase does what

depolarizes the cell towards 0mV

plasma

fluid and cells inside circulation

interstitial compartment

fluid surrounding all cells of the body

intracellular compartment

fluid inside cells

main systems to control internal environment

nervous, endocrine, immune

In negative feedback loops an initial increase in the variable leads to a subsequent

decrease in the variable to bring it back to the initial level

In positive feedback loops an initial increase in the variable triggers a further

increase in that variable.

TBW

large fraction of body is composed of water

60-40-20 rule

60% of body weight is water
40% of body weight is ICF
20% of body weight is ECF

osmolarity

the total number of solutes per volume

hematocrit

the % of the total blood volume that is cells

moles

number of molecules in a given substances

molarity

the concentration of a substance - 1 Molar = 1 mole/(Liter of solvent)

Molality:

the concentration of a substance - 1 Molal = 1 mole/(Kg of solvent)

Osmolarity is different than molarity for substances that .

dissociate

Osmolarity:

the concentration of particles - 1 Osmolar = 1 osmole/(Liter of solvent)

Osmolality:

the concentration of particles - 1 Osmolal = 1 osmole/(Kg of solvent)

isosmotic

solutions with the same concentrations of solute particles

hyperosmotic

higher osmolarity

tonicity

what will happen to cell volume if a cell is placed in a given solution

cell volume will decrease if a cell is placed in a

hypertonic solution

cell volume will increase if a cell is placed in a

hypotonic solution

what seperates the intraceullar compartment from the extracellular compartment

single lipid bilayer

lipid bilayer is permeable to

gases and hydrophobic hormones

interstitial space is seperated from plasma by

a blood vessel wall

blood vessel wall is peremeable to

small substances

sodium concentration in extracellular space is

low

potassium concentration in intracellular space is

high

calcium concentration is low inside where?

cells

Na+ and K+ have a _____ permeability

low

what molecules can diffuse across the membrane and do not need proteins to facilitate their transport?

hydrophobic molecules

what molecules can diffuse themselves through the membrane but sometimes need protein transport?

water and urea

what types of molecules do not diffuse easily and require proteins to transport?

large uncharged and ions

oncotic pressure

The osmotic pressure in the blood vessels due only to plasma proteins

dehydration = decreae in overall water in body = ___ interstitial osmolarity = movement of water from ___ to _____ = _____ in cell volume

dehydration = decrease in overall water in body = increase interstitial osmolarity = movement of water from ICF to ECF = decrease in cell volume

what is the greatest consumer of oxygen and glucose?

nervous system

psuedounipolar

round cell body with ONE single process which divides into two branches

bipolar neurons

oval shaped cell body with ONE large process projecting from each end of the cell body

multipolar

multiple dendrites and ONE axon

purkinje cell

cerebral cortex

dendrites function to

receive signals

what are the sites of synaptic contacts called for dendrites?

dendritic spines

what 5 elements do LARGER dendrites contain?

1. microtubules
2. neurofilaments
3. mitochondria
4. endoplasmic reticulum 5. polyribosomes and free ribosomes

cell bodies are the

metabolic center of the nerve cell

cell bodies contain (4)

1. large nucleus
2. ribosomes
3. Golgi
4. RER

what is the difference between axons and dendrites when viewing under a microscope?

dendrites have ribosomes; while axons do not

what is the name of the synapses between axons?

terminal boutons

in anterograde axonal transport, what protein is responsible for FAST movement?

kinesin

in retrograde axonal transport, what protein is responsible for movement?

dynein

Retrograde Tracers such as pseudorabies virus and horseradish peroxidase are used as research tools in order to

label neurons within a specific pathway.

neuroglia function

support and protect neurons

types of neuroglia

1. Astrocytes (CNS)/ Satellite cells (PNS)
2. Oligodendrocytes (CNS)/ Schwann cells (PNS)
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal cells

astrocytes during neuronal development function

provide support and framework for neuronal migration

many tumors are of what origin?

astrocytic

what neuroglial cell produces myelin?

oligodendrocytes

microglia function as

phagocytic scavengers

microglial produce

cytokines

ependymal cells produce

CSF

what makes up the choroid plexus?

ependymal cells, pia mater and capillaries

How is CSF produced?

Produced as a trasudate of plasma (CSF has higher Cl content and lower protein/glucose). This builds hydrostatic pressure in capillaries and forces fluid into connective tissue where it is taken up by ependymal cells and released into ventricles

blood brain barrier consists of

tight junctions between endothelial cells

what 6 places lack the BBB?

1. Choroid Plexus
2. Pineal Body
3. Subcommissural organ 4. Area Postrema
5. Neurohypophysis
6. Median Eminence and Infundibulum

in the PNS, satellite cells =

astrocytes

in the PNS, schwann cells =

oligodendrocytes

Satellite cells

surround cell bodies of neurons in sensory and autonomic ganglia

Schwann cells -

ensheath axons of peripheral nerves.

what helps ANCHOR and protect nerves in the PNS?

connective tissue- epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

afferent nerve = a nerve projecting from the

PERIPHERY to the CNS

efferent nerve = a nerve projecting from the

CNS to the periphery

outside of the basal lamina, what connective tissue sheath is between individual nerve fibers?

endoneurium

outside of the basal lamina, what connective tissue sheath surrounds each fascicle of axons?

perineurium

outside of the basal lamina, what connective tissue sheath is around the peripheral nerve?

epineurium

do neuronal cell bodies proliferate?

no

3 names of sensory ganglia

1. DRG
2. Trigeminal Ganglia (CN5)
3. Visceral sensory ganglia (CN7,9,10)