Topic 4.2 - 4.4 theories of motivation

The car ride home

- video make based on katherine tamminens research based on the conversatiosn on the car ride home from child/teen sprots games

ex: Dad and kid coming home from a soccer game → dad stars with "not a great team" child doesn't say a word, zones out

Dad's words get more intense

Sometimes words don't match emotion (tone is negative)

To the point where there's a sense that there's no way the child would want to keep doing this sport

Results of the car ride home

Kids want to be enjoy the ride home and not enduring it

Parent perspective: want to make them better

The kid understands but

If there are difficult convos to be had how can we make that a safe space while still giving room to make them better

Strategies for the parent to improve the car ride home

1.Give the kid time to think

2. parent Take time to think

3. de-emphisize performance outcomes , emphasize performnce like their hard work

4. ask questions in a supportive manner (so what did you leanr?)

5. Develop rules of the rode

Eg not talk until 15 mins to let emotions cool off

6. be positive and supportive

name all 8 theories of motivation & behaviour

Freaky teens try some sex after they swim

- Flow state

- transtheoretical model

- theory of planned behaviour

- self efficalcy model

- self determination theory

- acheivement goal theory

- thery of competenece

- sport model

Q: What is Respect in Sport + its purpose?

Educates parents, coaches, officials, leaders, & participants (14+) → recognize/respond to BAHD (bullying, abuse, harassment and discrimination) → creates safe, positive sport environments

why these ppl? most common reasons coaches, managers, officials and athletes, of all ages, cite for leaving sport is unacceptable parent behaviour.

Barriers to Physical Activity

KNOWLEDGE OF BENEFITS??

• MOTIVATION!

• Convenience/availability

• Environmental/ecological factors

• Lack of time

• Boredom/lack of enjoyment

What is Motivation? and what does it involve?

Motivation is the reason why you do things the way you do

Involves...

1. Direction of effort

- Whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to situations

2. Intensity of effort

- How much effort an individual puts forth in a situation

3. Persistence of effort

- Whether an individual maintains intensity of effort over time

qhat is a theory anyways

- Systematic way to understand eg. A related to B BECAUSE....

- Constructs explain WHY or HOW

- Broad application

- Testable

- Blueprint for intervention

Q: What are theoretical constructs + what makes a good theory?

- theoretical Constructs = not directly observable but measurable

→ used to build theories

eg. motivation, self eficcacy

Good theory allows us to:

- explains phenomena

- predicts outcomes

- guides research

- informs programs/policies

Types of Theories: Continuum vs. Stage Theories

Continuum :

- A+B+C+D = outcome

- You are somewhere along the continuum to the likelihood of action

Stage :

Stage A vs. Stage B for readiness

You are within a stage

Eg, theory of stages of grief

recall theroyr 1: flow state, charactistics and how tp get it

caracteristics:

1. action and self awarness merge

2. sense of control

3. altered sense of time

how to:

1. clear process bases goals

2. balance bw a percieved challenge and skills

3. clear and immediate feedback

what kind of theory is the transtheoretical model and what does it tell us? what a critique

stage theory

= explains how individuals initiat eand adopt PA in 5 satges:

1. pre-contemplation

2. contemplation

^just cognition

3. preperaton

^cogniton & behaviour

4. action

^just behaviour

5. maintenence

- as you move thorugh stages ur cognition/thinking changes

- if u can figure oyut what stage their in you can appropriatelye intervene

- **howver this isnt always a straight - can relapse and go back

explain each stage in the transtheoretical model and how you would intervene

1. pre-contempletion: unaware of the problem

- educate them on PA

2. contemplation: aware of problem and how they need to change their behaviour eg. planning on exercuse in next 6 months

- challenge them to see the benefits of PA

3. preparation: intend to change their behaviour

- help them organize a pa plan

4. action: start doign the desired behavioour eg going to gym

- help them over come barriers that naturally occur when starting to workout eg exams, holidays etc

5. maintenence: works to sustain the behavour eg has been going to gym for over 6 month

- assist w coping, alternative and avoidign slips

Factors Influencing Stage Progression in transtheoretical model

- self efficacy: their beleif in themselves to be able to exercsie *inc w each stage

- desisional balance: each person has their own pros and cons to pa, inactive ppl will see more disadvantaged

- process of chnageing strategies used to progress thorugh stages eg. cog and/or behavioural

theory of planned behavour (a social cognitive theory)

- type

- what is the maint idea

- critique

- continuum theory (i.e., A + B + C = outcome)

-says that behaviour is mediated by cognitions

- personal and social factors influence ur intentiosn and cognitions --> influence sport and PA

- critique: intenstion dont always = action

TPB: what makes up our intentiosn + apply this to PA interventiosn

attittude + subjective norm + perecieved behavioural control = intetnion

intention --> behaviour

application in PA interveiotn:

to enhanvce intention...

1. attitude toward PA by ↑ knwwledge of benefits

2.meet subjective norms: this in challenging bc theyre ever changing

3. facilitate perceive behavioural control by teahcing them strategies so they feel incontorl/overcome barriers

what is the self efficacy theory (aka social cognitive theory)

continuum thoeyr that having high self efficacy is a storng predictor of behavour an effort and persisitanct

self efficacy = is ur belief in urself and capabilities to do a behavour

"unless ppl beleive they can do smt theyll have no reason to do it"

made up of:

- mastery expereinces

- modelling (seeing ppl w simmilar skills succeed)

- verbal persuasion (encouragement from ppl around u and urself)

- Physiological and affective states

Self determination theory sub theories:

1. organismic integration theory = motivation exists on a continuum from autonomous to contoll

2. Basic Needs Theory = motication is determined bow how well the situation meets the athletes needs

SDT: organismic integration theory

what is the self determinaton continuum?

1. amotivation (perceive no connection bw actions and outcomes)

2. extrinsic motivation

a) external

b) introjected

c) identified

d) integrated

3. intrinsic motivation (to know, accomplish and stimulation)

explain each extrinsic regulation

ll external

- doing smt to acheive an external deman reward or avoid punishment

eg. going to practice so u dont get kicked off the team

introjected

- doing somethnng to avoid negative emotions or maintian self worth

eg. ill feel guilty if i dont go to practice

identified

- doing snt bc of ur personal values

eg. i run everyday bc health is important to me

integrated

-do smt bc you feel its apart of ur identiy

eg. i run everyday bc im a healthy person

what ins intrinsic motivation and what r the 3 components

= doing somthing bc of inherant interest or enjoyment

To know:

Do smt bc of desire to learn explore and understand stuff

"I exercise everyday to learn more about my body"

" I play to learn new skills"

To accomplish:

Do smt bc of desire to improve or meet new objective

"I exercise every day to get stronger"

" i run to get PB times"

To experience stimulation:

Do smt bc of desire to experience sensations

Eg. i run everyday bc i love the experience of being outdoors in nature

I play bc i love the feeling i have on the ice

The effect of athletic scholarship on motivation in sport

having, possibiity of getting and possibility of removing

in males

- scholarship increased external motivaton (doing the sport to avoid punishment i.e. losing the money)

- thoses w/o a shcollarship but w positibility of getting one increased external regulation and decreased intrinisc motivation to accomplish and stimulation

- those w a posisbility of losing scholarshio Decreased intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation and accomplish

SDT basic needs theory

Motivation is determined by how well the situation meets the athlete's needs

We have 3 basic psychological needs:

1. Autonomy

Feeling sense of control

2 Competence

Feeling sense of capability

3. Relatedness

Feeling sense of connection and support from others

Hockey video - ask a timbit

67% of parents think kids sports are too serious

How can we make it more fun!?

The kids say puppies on the ice, pinatas etc

But these are all extrinsic so it tells us how important intrinsic motivation is

goal acheivement theory theoriest

john nicholls

carol dweck

carole ames

martin maehr

what is the goal acheivement theory

Two disposition-oriented dimensions based on an individual's definitions of competence, success and failure.

1. task goal orientaiotn

2. ego goal orientation

Task goal orientation

Reference to one's own past performances

Perceive opportunities for personal growth and mastery

- foucs o personal goals, high effort, persist even through fralure, intrinsically motivation, perfecitionism in a adaptive manner

Ego goal orientation

-Reference to how one's performance compares with others'

-Perceive opportunities for gaining social status and wealth

- focus on winning, enough effort to compare well, give up when fail, lower sportsman shup, extrinisc motivation, maladaptive perfectionism

Motivational Climate

someones goal orientaiton is promotion by tgeir environemtn inclusing the coach and parent

T- ask-Oriented (Mastery) Climate

Emphasis on personal improvement and learning through effort.

Characterized by effort-based goals.

Over time promotes task goal orientation

- Ego-Oriented (Performance) Climate

Encourages individuals to compare his/her performance to that of others.

Rewards individuals for out performing others.

Overtime promotes ego-goal orientation

what goal acheivement dimension is best for performance? what about for youth sport?

sport acheivement setting:

Moderate-high task orientation + Moderate-high ego orientation = Beneficial for high sport achievement

youth sport:

Higher ability youth succeed in both ego and task oriented climates.

Lower ability youth find ego oriented climates stressful.

6 ways to promot e a task oriented climate

- variety of taks

- autonomy: give them choice

- recognition: of their effor and importvemnt

- put them in parteners or small groups (less ppl to compare to)

- evaluation: Let them self reference their performance instead of sompared to others

- timing: give optimal time for challenge and success

theory of competence motivatioin

children r more motivated to be competent in acheivement they value and have control over --> you value it more when you inc ur percieved competence

percieved competent --> competence motivation--> mastery attempts --> positive feedback from family and self eval. --> ↑ percerived competence

"Positive" Feedback - 2 tyopes

1. From significant other

- Must be Specific and with meaning about their performance for them to think about

- Just "good job" is enough

- Must be Developmentally appropriate

2. Self-evaluation

- Begin teaching this approach early

- Most often comparison is more used rather than self reference for self evaluation

8. SPORT COMMITTMENT MODEL

identifies 2 tpes of sport commitments

- functional/enthusiastic sommitment (psychological state representing the desire to continue sport)

- obilgatory/cpnstrained commitment (psychological state representing the perceptions of obligation to continue sport over time

Some challenges tied to this type of commitment)

what depicts which kind of sport commitment yiu have

1. sport enjoyment

↑ FC ↓ OC

2. does playing give you valuable opportunities

↑ FC ↓ OC

3. do u have a desire to excel/mastery

↑ FC

4. do you have other priorities

↓ FC ↑ OC

5. do you feel like ur socially expected to play

↑ OC

6. are you personally and financially invested in the sport

↑ OC

SCM Research and Application

- Persistence requires commitment

- SCM helps understand the complexity of athletes' persistence.

There werent 2 types of committed distinction

- Obligatory commitment associated with some negative outcomes (e.g. eating disorders).

- Interventions must be designed to promote functional (healthy, adaptive) commitment. As opposed to obligatory

Kaetlyn Osmond

figure skater got injured and scared to get back on ice but did anyways bc of Obligatroy Com.

-got her loveback by doign ice shows to get back to FC