Chapter 4 policing

What is the key focus of historical accounts of police in the United States?

Many accounts focus on urban areas such as Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Charleston.

Where are most sworn officers in the United States employed?

Most sworn officers are employed at the local level in cities and counties.

What critical issue continues to affect policing in urban areas?

The issue of race and policing.

What role does a police officer play in a citizen’s introduction to the justice system?

A citizen’s introduction often begins with contact with a police officer.

How did the public view police performance according to a 1960s survey?

67% of the public rated police as doing an excellent or good job.

What percentage of white victims rated local police as good compared to Black and Hispanic victims?

54% of white victims rated them as good, while only 25% of Black and 19.2% of Hispanic victims did.

What is dual perspective I regarding police scrutiny and public perception?

It suggests that police are being targeted for random retaliatory shootings.

What is a significant result of the 2001 USA PATRIOT Act?

It was used for counter-terrorism but viewed as an infringement on citizens' rights.

What is police deviance?

Police deviance refers to activities inconsistent with an officer’s official authority and ethical standards.

Which Supreme Court case ruled that shooting fleeing felons is unconstitutional?

Tennessee v. Garner.

What does the Veil of Darkness Thesis suggest about racial profiling?

It argues that racial profiling could not occur if police cannot see the race of the driver.

What did the Terry v. Ohio decision allow police officers to do?

It granted officers the right to stop and detain individuals based on reasonable suspicion.

What is shadow immigration enforcement?

The disproportionate targeting of vulnerable foreign populations for increased enforcement using regular policing powers.

What is reasonable racism?

How discrimination manifests in police behavior, where race is used to justify stops or detentions.

What increased after the Ferguson incident concerning police practices?

The belief that police officers engage in de-policing due to increased scrutiny.

What is the significance of executive orders 13769 and 13767 by President Trump?

They enacted policies prohibiting entry from certain countries and called for a border wall.

What has the historical treatment of African Americans by police included?

Policing mechanisms that were brutal and aimed at controlling both slaves and free blacks.

How has representation in police agencies changed from 1990 to 2000 for minorities?

Minority representation increased from 29.8% in 1990 to 38.1% in 2000.

What were two essential reform efforts in policing history?

Reduce political control in the late 1800s and develop more professional police forces in the early 20th century.

What was the general outcome for Latinos in local police agencies from 1987 to 2013?

Representation increased from 4.5% in 1987 to an estimated 12% in 2013.

What do community policing and federal legislation aim to improve?

Relationships between police and communities, particularly with racial and ethnic minorities.