socialism

Marx on human nature

humans are naturally cooperative and social - flourish through collective labour and community

creative and productive

human nature is shaped by economic circumstance

alienation under capitalism

Luxemburg on human nature

naturally social and cooperative - thrive through collective struggle and solidarity

human potential suppressed under capitalism

revolutionary potential

freedom essential for human flourishing

webb on human nature - dem soc

collectivism enhances human potential

seek fairness but limited by economic circumstance

imperfect - improvable through social reform, not only cooperative when capitalism is removed

rejects spontaneity - people will inevitably choose socialism

crosland on human nature soc dem

collectvism, cooperatiev and sociable

shaped by environment

capable of self improvement - want personal advancement, not just economic security

value leisure, education and equality of life

flourish in an egalitarian environment

giddens on human nature third way

individuals defined less by class and more by lifestyle

seek autonomy and community

human behaviour not purely driven by economics

agreements on human nature

collectivism/fraternity

humans inherently cooperative and social

true human nature emerges with either capitalism or inequality removed

disagreements on human nature

revolutionary potential

if wanting community and autonomy (crosland)

how much motivations extend beyond class conflict

marx on state

state is an instrument of class rule

no neutrality of institutions

revolution is necessary - overthrow state

dictatorship of proletariat - temporary workers’ state to dismantle capitalist structures

eventual removal of state entirely

luxemburg on state

tool of capitalist oppression

no gradualism - overthrow state

workers state to enforce socialist principals

webb on state dem soc

strong state ran by trained experts

state as engine for social reform

democratic socialism - parliamentary

no sponatneous action or direct worker control

modern welfare state

nationalisation

crosland on soc dem

state should manage capitalism, not abolish - mixed economy

strong welfare state - social justice against inequalities

democratic socialism

state intervention for equality

nationalisation not essential

giddens on state

state strong, not big

intervention to create opportunity - education, welfare

enabling

agreements on state

must be reform to state

welfare state - all humans born equal so must have inequalities removed

disagreements on state

strong state or removed state (Revs)

state on bringing socialism

state interaction

important of ownership by state

marx on economy

private ownership - private means of production bad

economic determines cultural

capitalism exploitative

communism as end goal

luxemberg on economy

capitalism exploitative

reforms cannot limit exploitation

collective ownership

workers control

webb on economy ds

economy organised by state - experts

public ownership of key indusrties

not laissez faire

national minimum wage standards

crosland on economy sd

people’s capitalism - evolved

mixed economy is compatible with socialism

redistribution through taxation, not nationalisation

raise living standards - remove class war economics

economic growth funds social reform

giddens on economy

socialism must embrace global capitalism - work with

economy capitalist but highly regulated

states role on economy is strategic, not controlling

equality of opportunity requires economic modernisation

agree on economy

capitalism is flawed and produces inequality

disagree on economy

collective/state ownership (most agree but AC and AG)

extent capitalism is tolerated

how should function - workers or state

marx on society

class conflict drives history

false consciousness - workers unaware of true nature of their exploitation

revolutionary potential

from each according to his ability to each according to his needs

luxemburg on society

capitalsit society exploitative

mass revolutionary erquires

democracy emerges from struggle

webb on society

inequality is structural, not natural

society must address inequality

collective provision raises social standards

society should be rational

crosland on society

post war socirty moved beyond class conflict - rise of middle class

education key driver of social change

social equality is core goal

giddens on society

society moved beyond rigid class strcutures

globalisation reshapes social relationships

generative equality, not equality of outcome

agreements on society

class structures should be removed

social equality

society should be restrcutured

disagreements on society

how much equality - outcome or opportunity

how to acheive society