Ch. 13, 14, 15 for Exam #4 Microbio

_____________ is lifelong protection against a pathogen following recovery from infection.

Natural active immunity

First line innate immune responses include

fever, barriers, washing actions

Adaptive immunity is characterized by _______. 

pathogen specificity

True or false: the immune system is a unique integration of of the circulatory, respiratoyr, and reticuloendothelial systems

false

Where do B lymphocytes mature in?

bone marrow

what are examples of physical defenses?

mucus membrane, hair, fever

According to the findings of the 2008 Human Microbiome Project, the most abundant bacterial genus on the skin is ___________.

Janthinobacterium

Compared to a healthy toddler, the gut microbiome of a malnourished toddler is enriched in _________ but reduced in _________.

proteobacter; bacteriodetes

What bacterial pathogen is associated with gastric ulcers?

helicobacter

During hematopoiesis, what can myeloid progenitor give rise to?

neutrophils, megakaryocytes, red blood cells

What characterizes a monocyte?

phagocyte, bean-shaped nucleus

What are examples of a pattern recognition recepetor (PRR) that bind PAMPs to initiate innate immune responses?

Complement, TLRs

True or false following phagocytosis, an engulfed pathogen can be destroyed by the respiratory burst

true

What are heat and redness caused by? (they are 2 key signs of inflammation)

vasodilation

What is pathogen destruction by lysis caused by?

• the alternative complement cascade

• defensins

• protegrins

What is a defensive protein that initiates the antiviral protective effect?

interferon

What are hallmark features of adaptive immune responses?

memory, specificity

Which of the following would be the most immunogenic to a human?

Horse albumin, a large protein

In the process of clonal selection, pathogen binding to a preprogrammed receptor selects the lymphocyte that will under clonal expansion to produce the army of immune cells leading to its destruction.

true, clonal selection

Class I and II MHC molecules combine with antigen fragments to form a ______ which then binds a T cell receptor leading to activation.

neoantigen

A ________ has a CD8 coreceptor and eliminates viral-infected cells, cancer cells and foreign cells.

cytotoxic T cell

A neoantigen used to activate a T_C cell is made by the lysosomal degradation of a phagocytized antigen which binds a Class II MHC molecule.

false neoantigen

What degrades viral proteins, making fragments to load into Class 1 MHC molecules?

proteasome

What is known as TCR binding to both processed antigen and portions of an MHC molecule?

associative recognition

What cytokine plays a major role in both the early and later stages of T cell activation?

IL-2

How large is the induration produced by this positive Mantoux test?

2.5 cm

Antibody effector mechanisms include?

• mast cell activation

• enhanced opsonization

Which antibody classes provide natural passive immunity to infants? (

IgG and IgA

Which of the following are components of the BCR?

• IgM

• CR2

• Iga/IgB

Affinity maturation results in increasing more effective antisera production due to ______.

• somatic mutation leading to higher antibody affinity

• activation of memory cells with high affinity receptors

During a secondary response__________.

• IgG production occurs almost immediately

• there is a greater amount of IgG produced

• the host demonstrates immunity

Which antibody effector mechanism results in apoptosis?

antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

What serious problem(s) is associated with variolation?

• pts survived the smallpox but then succumbed to cowpox

• sometime patients developed smallpox and died

Which of the following features are desirable in a modern vaccine?

• can be stored at room temp

• minimal side effects

• easily administered

What type of vaccines provide strong primary responses because they closely mimic a natural infection?

Live attenuated

What vaccine is highly effective and considered to be the safest?

subunit

The 2018 data indicate the greatest resurgence in what infections due to reduced immunization rates?

mumps

What 2 vaccines does CDC recommend for children ages 13-18?

Flu & HPV

During the development of a new vaccine, which clinical stage involves testing patients with underlying medical conditions?

Phase III

Theories on the origin of autoimmunity include?

• genetic predisposition

• viral infection

• nutrient deficiencies

Numbness/weakness in 1 or more limbs, impaired vision and tremors due to autoantibodies attacking the myelin sheath describes ___________.

multiple sclerosis

An X-linked disorder resulting in no circulating antibodies due to impaired B cells describes _______.

Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia

Patients with a humoral immunodeficiency are most likely to suffer from opportunistic infections caused by __________.

bacteria