Principles of Management: Motivation, Reinforcement, and Goal-Setting Theories

What is the basic model of motivation and performance?

Motivation and performance are influenced by the relationship between effort, performance, and rewards.

What does Expectancy Theory state?

People will be motivated to the extent that they believe their efforts will lead to good performance, which will be rewarded with attractive rewards.

What are the three components of Expectancy Theory?

Valence, Expectancy, and Instrumentality.

Define Valence in the context of Expectancy Theory.

Valence is the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome.

What does Expectancy refer to in Expectancy Theory?

Expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.

What is Instrumentality in Expectancy Theory?

Instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

How can managers motivate employees using Expectancy Theory?

By gathering information on what employees want, linking rewards to performance clearly, and empowering employees to make decisions.

What is Reinforcement Theory?

Reinforcement Theory states that behavior is a function of its consequences, where positive consequences increase behavior frequency and negative consequences decrease it.

What are the two parts of Reinforcement?

Reinforcement contingencies and schedule of reinforcement.

What is Positive Reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by following it with desirable consequences.

What is Negative Reinforcement?

Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when a specific behavior is performed.

What is Punishment in Reinforcement Theory?

Punishment follows behaviors with undesirable consequences to weaken or extinguish the behavior.

What is Extinction in the context of Reinforcement Theory?

Extinction occurs when a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior, weakening that behavior.

What is a Continuous Reinforcement Schedule?

A schedule that requires a consequence to be administered following every instance of a behavior.

What is an Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule?

A schedule in which consequences are delivered after a specified or average time or number of behaviors.

What is Goal-Setting Theory?

Goal-Setting Theory posits that people will be motivated to the extent they accept specific, challenging goals and receive feedback on their progress.

What are the components of Goal-Setting Theory?

Goal specificity, goal difficulty, goal acceptance, and performance feedback.

Define Goal Specificity.

Goal specificity is the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous.

What does Goal Difficulty refer to?

Goal difficulty refers to how hard or challenging a goal is to accomplish.

What is Goal Acceptance?

Goal acceptance is the extent to which people understand and agree to the goals set for them.

What is Performance Feedback?

Performance feedback is information about past performance quality or quantity that indicates progress toward a goal.

How can managers effectively motivate with Goal-Setting Theory?

By assigning specific, challenging goals, limiting the number of goals, ensuring acceptance of goals, removing obstacles, and providing frequent feedback.

What is the effect of Positive Reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement encourages behavior by giving a reward, leading to an increase in that behavior.

What is the effect of Negative Reinforcement?

Negative reinforcement encourages behavior by removing a negative consequence, leading to an increase in that behavior.

What is the effect of Punishment?

Punishment decreases behavior by giving a negative consequence.

What is the effect of Extinction?

Extinction decreases behavior by removing the reward previously associated with that behavior.