Maltreatment Final

What is intimate partner of violence? IPV

Violence or abuse that occur occurred between people in an intimate relationship, current or former (spouses dating partners, cohabiting partners, sexual partners, and former partner)

What federal act was passed in 1974 to set the minimum definitions of child abuse

Child abuse prevention and treatment act (CAPTA)

When is the risk of IPV the highest?

In families where there’s at least one child and when the child is below five years old

What’s a precursor in terms of child maltreatment

A factor that increases the risk of maltreatment

What is a major risk of secondary prevention in Child Maltreatment?

Identifying truly at risk families

What is the goal of the disease model of child male treatment?

To identify risk in early intervene before symptoms, worsen

Primary prevention

Targets the general population to reduce new cases of maltreatment

Secondary prevention

Focusses on at risk, individuals or families to prevent maltreatment before it occurs

Tertiary prevention

Aims to reduce harm and prevent reoccurrence and individuals are already affected by maltreatment

Public awareness campaigns

Informed citizens about child, maltreatment, and reporting procedures

Permissive parenting style

Little guidance or expectations

Authoritarian parenting style

Parenting style with strict rules, and no emotional support

Authoritative parenting style

Warm and clear expectations

Which federal act was passed in 1974 to set minimum definitions of child abuse and neglect

Child abuse prevention and treatment act (CAPTA)

During the intake process, what is a critical task for caseworkers to accomplish

To gather sufficient information to assess the safety of the child

What’s the purpose of the concurrent permanency plan developed by CPS

To outline steps for both family reunification and alternate living arrangement

The majority of IPV survivors are

Women specifically under 25 years

Are indigenous women more likely to experience IPV

Yes

What is IPV about at its core?

Power control, coercion, and domination over an intimate partner

OCIS-2018

Intimate partner of violence represents the largest portion of sustained Child Maltreatment investigations

Signs of exposure to domestic abuse

Headache stomach aches, child being injured during conflict, aggressive, acting out, being withdrawn, depressed, or anxious, low frustration tolerance, bed wedding, perfect perfectionist, involved in crime, etc.

Signs that a person may be abusive to their partner

Jealous, justifies actions, doesn’t take responsibilities for their behaviour, uses children to abuse partner, uses intimidation, makes all the big decisions, etc.

What are the different forms of IPV?

Physical, psychological, emotional, economic abuse, sexual abuse, or violence, reproductive, coercion, stalking and coercive control

What is coercive control

A pattern of behaviour used to dominate and restrict partners freedom often through fear, isolation, threats, surveillance and manipulation

What is exposure to IPV?

When a child is exposed to violence or abuse conflict between adults in a home or at least one adult is the child’s caregiver

What is an important point about exposure to IPV

Child does not have to be directly hit to be harmed simply being exposed to IPV is considered harmful and is recognized a form of Child Maltreatment

Areas affected with IPV

Emotional functioning behavior, behavioural problems, social competence, cognitive ability, and physiological problems

Emotional functioning

Anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, PTSD, and negative emotions

Behavioural problems

Aggression, delinquency, alcohol/drug abuse, high levels of physical activity, internalizing, and externalizing symptoms

Social competence

China/withdrawal, social, incompetence, low empathy, aggression, wearing as hostility and interpersonal relationships

Cognitive ability

Academic and achievement problems

Physiological problems

Poor physical health increased automatic, arousal, somatic complaints, etc.

Exposure to IPV harmed children’s

Emotional/physical well-being, brain development, sense of safety, social development, and future relationships

IPV increases the risk of what

Physical Child abuse

What did we learn in terms of how Canadian provinces and territories recognize exposure to IPV as a form of Child Maltreatment?

Many provinces and territories now recognize exposure to IPV as a form of child male treatment in legislation, although that’s not always the case

Shared family and contextual factors (IPV risk factor)

Poverty, financial strain, Neighbourhood violence, marital conflict, and social isolation

Perpetrator related factors (IPV risk factor)

Poor mental health, substance use criminal history, low education, educational attainment, and unemployment

Family system characteristics (IPV risk factor)

Cooccurrence of substance abuse, mental illness, and crime, male entitlement, and beliefs of supporting coercive control, exposure to violence in family of origin

Structural and environmental factor (IPV risk factors)

Economic insecurity, community violence, and instability increased risk during crisis

maternal and prenatal factors (IPV risk factors)

Maternal stress and depression unattended pregnancy IPV during pregnancy

Ways children can be exposed to IPV. Give examples

Visual exposure, auditory exposure, tool of the perpetrator, exposure to the aftermath, exposure through attention in family disfunction, and direct involvement

Why is the exact number of cases of IPV hard to determine?

Definitional issues, under reporting, differences in legislation

What does the overall trend say about IPV exposure?

It’s common and is one of the largest categories of sustaining child male treatment in Canada

What did CIS-2019 study say about exposure to IPV

It represented the largest portion of sustained malt treatment cases at 35%

What did investiagstuins involving First Nations children say about IPV exposure

It was the primary form of mouth treatment in 27% of investigations

What does exposure to IPV typically involve?

Physical violence in 76% of cases and emotional violence in about 24%

What are some severe indicators that children might be exposed to IPV

Homicidal thoughts and severe emotional dysregulation

What is toxic stress?

Intense ongoing stress without enough support or protect protection, which can disrupt health brain and body development

IPV risk factors during pregnancy

Maternal stress, bleeding, infection, infections, preterm, labor, high blood pressure, miscarriage risk, maternal mortality

Infants who are exposed to IPV might show

Excessive crying, irritability, feeding problems, fail, failure to thrive, distressed related to caregiver stress

What does fail failure to thrive mean?

Poor growth or development due to inadequate nutrition for caregiving or chronic stress

What might preschool children exposed to IPV show?

PTSD symptoms, anxiety, aggression, and sleep problems, separation anxiety, and developmental disruptions

What is the sleeper effect?

Harmful effects of early exposure might not fully appear until years later

What might boys learn about gender in relationships in terms of being exposed to IPV?

Men should dominate, aggression is masculine, and violence is acceptable in relationships

What might girls learn about gender and relationships in terms of being exposed to IPV?

Women are vulnerable, victimization is normal, unhealthy relationship dynamics are expected

What usually occurs with IPV

Physical abuse of a child psychological abuse of a child and neglect

Why does co occurrence between IPP and other forms of child? Male treatment occur?

Due to high stress, coercive control, poor, emotional regulation, normalization of violence, etc.

Why are younger children, especially vulnerable to IPV?

Early brain development is highly sensitive, they depend on caregivers, cannot understand or process violence, may show distress physically behaviourally rather than verbally

Why are IPV cases most likely to be sustantiated but not lead to removal

might not have obvious injuries, there would need to see violence between adults, removal itself, might re-traumatize the child, etc.

Intergenerational transmission of violence

Patterns of violence can be passed from one generation to the next

What are children exposed to IPV at risk of?

Becoming the perpetrators, becoming the victim, and normalizing abusive relationship relationships

Why does Bandura matter in IPV?

If a child sees violence repeatedly and sees that it is not stopped, they might learn that this is normal useful and powerful

What are ACEs (adversive childhood experiences?)

These are stressful or traumatic experiences in childhood such as abuse, neglect, and household violence

What are ACEs linked to

Mental health problems, substance use, chronic health issues, relationship difficulties, and violent involvement

Resilience Def

Being able to recover easily from difficult circumstances; the ability to adjust to misfortune and being adaptable

Unsubstantiated meaning

The report has been investigated but not confirmed

Safety assessment

Evaluate immediate risk of harm to a child safety

Risk assessment

identifies factors that increase the likelihood of Child Maltreatment

Family assessment

Focusses on the relationship between a family strengths and risks

Structured interview

A method of collecting information using pre-established questions

What’s precursor

This is a factor that occurs before maltreatment and increases risk

What happens once maltreatment occurs

It becomes chronic, hard to treat, and expensive

Precursor examples

Parental stress, substance abuse, lack of parenting knowledge

What did systems focus on historically

Protecting children after abuse

What are prevention systems now shifting towards

Early identification, risk production, and prevention at a population level

Since 1970 physical abuse is down

56%

Since 1970 sexual abuse is down

62

Since 1970 neglect is down

10%

What types of maltreatment are easier to reduce

Physical and sexual abuse

What type of maltreatment is hard to reduce

Neglect

What is public health approach to prevention

Focused on entire population and risk factors before harm occurs

What is the epidemiological framework of prevention

Model based on population level health strategies (3 prevention levels)

Primary level of prevention

Targets the population; goals to stop maltreatment before it starts

Second level of prevention

Targets at risk individuals/families

What’s the disease model of maltreatment

Treat maltreatment like a disease (identity risk early and intervene before symptoms worsen)

Major programs of disease model

Home visitation programs, nurse family partnerships, and family connections programs

Tertiary level prevention

Targets individuals that were already harmed to reduce harm and prevent reoccurrence

Proxy measures

Indirect measures affecting outcomes