Canine Science Final

Immune System

Body’s defense against the immune response. Goal is to prevent or limit infection.

Antigen

Anything that triggers the immune response (bacteria, fungus, viruses, protozoa, and parasites)

Cell mediated

Cells that are released to attack foreign bodies. (White blood cells)

Neutrophils

1st responder. Phagoctize and digests pathogens

Monocytes

Turns into macrophages which leave the blood vessel and eats pathogens

Eosinophils

Attacks parasites

Basophils

Contains histamine and helps with allergies

Lymphocytes

Produces antibodies and are slower to react

T cells

responsible for cellular immunity

B cells

Antibody production

MDA

Maternally derived antibody. Antibodies young receive from mothers.

IgM (Immunoglobin M)

A class of antibody that is generally short lived and associated with early infection and initial vaccination

IgG (Immunoglobin G)

Most common type associated with immune response to parenteral vaccine

SlgA (Secratory immunoglobin A)

A class of antibody most commonly associated with a local immune response

Vaccines

Achieves immunity memory without causing an actual infection by introducing the virus.

Killed Antigen (Vaccine type)

Inactivated vaccine antigen that is viral or bacterial

MLV or Modified Live (Vaccine type)

Virus that is altered so that it doesn’t cause disease, only infection

Recombinant (Vaccine type)

Virus DNA inserted into manufatering cells

Bacteria/toxoid (Vaccine type)

Killed bacteria

Route of Administering

SQ, IM, IN

SC (Subcutaneous)

Administered into the fatty tissue layer beneath the skin.

IM (Intramuscular)

Administered deep into muscle tissue for rapid absorption into the bloodstream

IN (Intranasal)

Administered into the mouth or nose

Bb

Bodertella Bronchiseptica

CAV-1

Canine adenovirus, type 1

CAV-2

Canine adenovirus, type 2

CDV

Canine distemper virus

CIV

Canine influenza virus

CPiV

Canine parainfluenza virus

CPV-2

Canine parvovirus, type 2

MV

Measles virus

RV

Rabies virus

Core vaccines

Rabies

Distemper

Parvovirus

Adenovirus-2

Parainfluenza

Leptospira

Non-core vaccines

Bordetella bronchiseptica (kennel cough)

Canine influenza virus (kennel cough)

Borelia bungdorferi (ticks)

Canine influenza virus-H3N8

Canine influenza virus-H3N2

Crotalus atrox (Western Diamondback Rattle Snake)

Not reccomended

Canine Corona virus

Window of susceptibility

A 2–5 week period, typically between 6–16 weeks of age, when maternal antibodies decrease too low to protect a puppy from infection but remain high enough to block vaccines from creating immunity

Cross protection

A vaccine or prior infection providing immunity against a different, but related, strain of a pathogen. This is crucial in veterinary medicine for maximizing protection against rapidly evolving diseases.

Core

Every 3-4 weeks from 6-16 weeks

Booster in one year

Not more often than every 3 years

Rabies vaccine depends on regulations

Non-core

Prior to exposure

Repeat as needed

Most need an annual booster

Rabies

Virus, zoonotic, spread by direct contact with saliva, carriers are skunks, foxes, raccoons, and bats, fatal

Etology

Cause and type

Phomite

inanimate object or virus that gets on you

Prognosis

Outcome

Hallmark

An if, then symptom

Rabies protocol

If dog is bit by rabid animal, catch the animal so it can be checked for rabies by checking their brain. The dog should then be quarantined for 10 days.

Distemper

highly contagious viral infection, spread by direct contact, carriers are wolves, grave prognosis

Titer

Blood test to look for antibodies that work against a specific disease

Parvovirus

First emerged in Europe in 1970 and it was a mutation from feline panleukopenia virus. Effects young puppies and unvaccinated dogs. Cause vommiting, diarrhea, anorexia, lethargic, high or low temp, and dehydration.

Noval

New virus

Canine Infectious Respitory Disease Complex (CIRDC)

Kennel cough. Honking cough with spit up and is a mixed bag infection (other viruses accompany it). Infectious even after being symptom free for 2 weeks.

Canine Adenovirus-2

Respitory disease that is spread through direct contact with saliva, urine, and/or feces. The signs are none, bleeding disorder, or death.

Serous

Clear discharge of the eye

Petechia

Little tiny bruises from capillaries bursting

Muco purulent

Goopey eye discharge

Edema

Fluid filling

Diurnal

Best vision in the day

Crepuscular

Better vision at night

Dog colorblind

red, green

Dogs eyes…

See motion more quickly

Have less sclera

Have a third eyelid

Dogs peripheral vision

Dogs eyes are laterally placed which allows dogs to see 240-270 degrees

Pupil

Opening in the center of the eye that allows light in

Lens

Focuses light on the retina

Ciliary muscles

Attatched to sides of the lens that contract to change the shape of the which changes the angle of the light

Cornea

Focuses light on the retina. It is devoid of blood vessles so it is prone to infection. (Ulcers)

Retina

Back surface of the eye that is lined by photoreceptors. Light from above hits the bottom and vice versa. Light from the left strikes the right and vice versa. The info then gets sent to an optic nerve which gives info to the brain.

Sclera

The tough, opaque, fibrous outer layer of the eyeball extending from the cornea to the optic nerve. It protects inner eye structures, maintains eye shape, manages internal pressure, and provides anchoring points for muscles that move the eye

Rods

Periphery of retina and works on contrast, movement, and low light. (Dogs have 3 times more)

Cones

In the middle of the retina and works on focusing and color. (Dogs have less)

Tapedum Luciden

Reflective layer behind retina

Acuity

Dogs have 20/75 vision so they need to be closer to see detail

Foveae

Really concentrated cones in the middle of the retina. Dogs lack this

Area Centralis

Broad central region with fewer receptors than foveae. This allows some dogs to see detail better

Dichromats

A species that only has two types of cone to see color. Dogs can see blueish light and greenish-yellowish light.

Flicker Fusion Rate

Number of snapshots the eyes take every second. Dogs have a FFR of 70-80 cycles so they see a series of still

Akinetopsia

Normal vision as human vision is to dog vision

Lenticular sclerosis

Age related change in the density of crystalling lens. Common in older dogs.

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)

Genetic disease of the retina. Usually affects rods first and then cones. Dogs become light blind and later daytime vision fails.

Collie eye anomaly (CEA)

Defects in the formation of the eye. Dettatched retinas and causes blindness

Canine Eye Registration Foundation (CERF)

You can get your dogs eye health registered to determine if their eyes are good or not.

Sudden Acquired Retinal Deteriation Syndrome (SARDS)

One of the leading causes of incurable canine vision loss. They eat a lot, pee a lot, and drink a lot.

External ear

Pinna

Verticle canal

horizontal canal

Middle ear

Openeing of eustachian tubes

3 small bones: Incuss (anvil), Malieus (hammer), Stapes (stirrup)

Oval window

Inner ear

Cochlea

vestible

semicircular canal

Pinna

Outer ear. Cartilage attatched to the side of the head that alters reflections and helps locate sound

Tympanic membrane

Thin tissue that separates the external and inner ear. Membrane vibrates at the same frequency as incoming sound waves and causes three bones to shift.

Cochlea

Vibration of tiny bones on oval window

Cillia

Tiny hair like structures that are sensitive to vibrations and changes the info to electrical impules to the brain through a nerve

Sound waves

Periodic compressions of our molecules that creates vibrations