exam 3

Deodoro da Fonseca

First president of Brazil (1910-1920) who used force against opposition.

The First Republic (Brazil)

Era from 1889-1930, initiated by Deodoro da Fonseca.

Getúlio Vargas

Dictator of Estado Novo (1937-1945) who faced a military coup for breaking monopolies.

Estado Novo

Period from 1937-1945 in Brazil under Getúlio Vargas's rule.

Second Republic (Brazil)

Period from 1946-1964 in Brazil marked by military rule and instability.

Military Junta of 1964

Military dictatorship in Brazil supported by the U.S., leading to indirect elections.

Institutional Acts

Laws during the Brazilian military regime (1964-1972) allowing changes to the constitution and rights oppression for 10 years

Luiz Inacio “Lula” da Silva

Brazil's first working-class president who paid off IMF debt in 2005. His administration faced corruption charges except him

Jair Bolsonaro

President of Brazil since 2019.

José Balta

A caudillo who devised a plan to extricate Peru from it’s difficulties and provide funds for development in 1868.

Manuel Pardo

20th president of Peru from. First civilian president. He presided over continuing an agricultural boom. 

War of the Pacific

War between Chile and Peru and a Peru-Bolivian alliance from 1879-1884. 

Manuel González Prada

took up the indigenous question and focused on the economic and social aspects. Believed to stop the exploitation of indigenous and the hacienda system had to be eliminated. 

Rumi Maqui Revolt

A peasant uprising in lake titicaca region of peruvian southern Andes.

Augusto B Leguia

Dictator of Peru (1918-1930) whose regime collapsed due to the 1929 economic crisis. He had issues between promises and reality

APRA

Took power from 1985-1990.Promised to protect the agrarian reform and industrial reforms of Velasco. Indigenismo was a major platform of this party

Virginia Vargas

Leader of the women's movement in Peru.

Shining Path

Maoist terrorist group in Peru opposing free market policies.

Alberto Fujimori

 President from 1990-2000. The nations economy did not expand sufficiently during his tenure to justify the sacrifices that his neo-liberal polices imposed in Peru. Exiled to Japan in 2000.

Dina Boluarte

Current and first female president of Peru, elected in 2022.

Gran Colombia

United Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador, dissolved in 1830 after Bolivar's death.

Liberal vs Conservatives

 Liberals and conservatives fought over the power the church had, civil war. The conservatives were in power until General hilario Lopez from 1848-49-liberals took power. In 1854 liberals and conservatives formed an alliance.

Rafael Nuñez

 President from 1880-1884. Led Colombia's regeneration process and created the constitution of 1886.

Loss of Panama

In 1856 there was an incident between the u,s citizens and panamanians. 1903 panama and u.s signed a treaty but Colombia rejected it. In 1903 Panama declare independence from colombia

General Rafael Reyes

took power in 1904- ruled like an authoritarian dictator. Reyes declared martial law and dissolved congress. Left office in 1909.

Jorge Eliécer Gaitán

iberal and populists, (for the people). He was a threat to his own liberal party, he was the first to run for president that wasn’t an elite. He was shot in april 9 1948, which sparked “La violencia”

General Gustavo Rojas

His military coup ended Guerilla warfare on both sides during the second phase of the violencia in 1948-53. Came into power. Staged another military coup in the 3rd phase of the violencia 1953-57. 

La Violencia

Lasted from 1946-1965, this was a very large civil war between liberals and conservatives. The war had 4 phases resulting in 200,000 dead and 1 million losing their homes. 

National Front

took place in 1958-74 where both liberals and conservatives agreed to rotate power down to the lowest local position every 4 years.

FARC

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, a guerrilla group formed in 1964. Anti-america

José Antonio Páez

 Caudillo who was in conflict with Bolivar. Led the independence of Venezuela from Gran colombia. Paez established 1861-63 a dictatorship.

Antonio Guzmán Blanco

 Led liberals, and represented the debt-ridden planters. Challenged the monopolies of the church. In 1888 he resigns office

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

The Roosevelt corollary is an addition to the monroe doctrine. U.S. policy warning Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. And told latin america that the u.s can get involved if there was a threat or seemed fit.

Juan Vicente Gómez

Took power and would rule until 1932. A dictator. Under him Venezuela entered its petroleum age. After vicentes death military officers moved into power.

Petrol State

is a political system that came dependents on and shaped by the emphasis of oil. 

Rómulo Betancourt

In 1958 Betancourt became president, led a series of reforms in keeping with the pact. Betancourt with other military officer ousted the military dictatorship and established power. 

Punto Fijo Democracy

party leaders agreed to respect the electoral process and more importantly to share power according to voting results.

Carlos Andrés Pérez (CAP)

 who was more of a leftist center politician. He was against u.s ideas, which many previous presidents were friendly with the u.s, also got along with Cuba. CAP came back into the presidency in 1989 but he reversed the course and imposed

Hugo Chávez

Military colonel who led a failed military coup in 1992. He emerges as a national hero, after being pardoned after a 2 year stint in prison. Populist. 

Nicolás Maduro

Nicolas maduro was hand picked by Chavez as his successor. The crisis intensified under the Maduro government, growing more severe. Use manipulation and corruption to people to attend his pro-government campaigns.

Federalists vs Federalist ii

Political conflict in Argentina.

Juan Manuel de Rosas

very powerful caudillo from the provinces (outside of buenos aires)

Has a lot of support from the people. His goal is to rule all over argentina

Conquest of the Desert

Military campaigns in Argentina against indigenous peoples.

Radical Party

Members of the middle class were who were shut out from politics. They created the radicals.

Juan Perón

He was from the middle class and coronel in the army 

Then secretary of labor. In 1946 and 1951 he was elected president. He was a Populist. Dies iin 1974.

Evita

Eva Perón, 2nd wife of Juan Perón. Advocated for women's suffrage, women's right to vote. Dies at the age of 33 from cervical cancer 1952 

Populism

political approach that seeks to appeal to ordinary people by presenting itself as a champion of their interests against the elite.

 Dirty War

From 1976-1982. Military junta in charge. The Junta would disappear young people. Killed, tortured, and kidnapped  of 10,000-30,000 people die

Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 

Movement founded in April 1944. The mother of plaza de mayo were mothers who lost a child from the military junta. To this day they still protest.

 Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

the first female president of Argentina in 2007. 

 Eduardo Frei .

Ran against Allende twice. From the christian democratic party. The u.s gave him their support.

Salvador Allende 

Frei’s opponent twice. Wins the second election in 1970 against frei. Was democratically elected. He was from the popular action party. Kills himself with a gun gifted by Castro. 

Popular Action Party

Allende’s party. Made of communists, socialists,7 and leftists. One of the 3 political parties of chile. 

Agosto Pinochet

Dictator of chile who takes power after allende. Leader of the 1973 military coup. Under him 4,00 people disappeared, 40,000 people were exiled or imprisoned, and 28,000 tortured.  

Plebiscite (Chile)

oppositional party that pinochet allowed.  Took place in 1988. The NO campaign, who would brincg hope to chile. A  vote over if pinochet should run for the 90’s presidency. 8 more years

Michelle Bachelet

Elected in 2014. Became the first female president. Was imprisoned under Pinochet and tortured. Supported by the leftists and centrist