exam 3
Brazil
1.Deodoro da Fonseca- First president of Brazil from 1910-1920.. Didn't hesitate to use force against people who were against him.
2.The First Republic (Brazil)- started in 1889-1930, Deodoro da fonseca
3.Getúlio Vargas- Dictator of Estado novo. Rules from 1937 -1945. Kicked out by the military coup for breaking monopolies where the military invested. Comits suicide in 1954.
4.Estado Novo- started on november 10 1937 when Getúlio Vargas shut down congress. Ruled by Getúlio Vargas . Lasted until 1945.
5.Second Republic (Brazil)- started in 1946-1964. Under military rule . Political and economic instability, Military changes the constitution.
6.Military Junta of 1964- Military dictatorship. The u.s supported the junta. Elections became indirect.
7.Institutional Acts- Put during the military regime 1964-1972. allowed the military to change the constitution and oppress people's rights fro 10 years.
8.Luiz Inacio “Lula” da Silva- Brazil's first working class president. Brazil paid off its IMF debt in 2005. His administration faced corruption charges, except for him.
9.Jair Bolsonaro- President in 2019
Peru
10. José Balta- A caudillo who devised a plan to extricate Peru from it’s difficulties and provide funds for development in 1868.
11. Manuel Pardo- 20th president of Peru from. First civilian president. He presided over continuing an agricultural boom.
12. War of the Pacific- War between Chile and Peru and a Peru-Bolivian alliance from 1879-1884.
13. Manuel González Prada- took up the indigenous question and focused on the economic and social aspects. Believed to stop the exploitation of indigenous and the hacienda system had to be eliminated.
14. Rumi Maqui Revolt- A revolt from 1915-16. A peasant uprising in lake titicaca region of peruvian southern Andes.
15. Augosto B. Leguía- Dictator who was in power from 1918-1930. He had issues between promises and reality. The economic crisis of 1929 collapsed his dictatorship.
16. APRA: Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana- Took power from 1985-1990.Promised to protect the agrarian reform and industrial reforms of Velasco. Indigenismo was a major platform of this party
17. Virginia Vargas- Led the womens movement of peru.
18. Shining Path- Terrorist organization, maoists. Rejected free market policies.
19. Alberto Fujimori- President from 1990-2000. The nations economy did not expand sufficiently during his tenure to justify the sacrifices that his neo-liberal polices imposed in Peru. Exiled to Japan in 2000.
20. Dina Boluarte- current and first female president of peru. Elected in 2022
Colombia
21. Gran Colombia- The state united Colombia, Venezuela, and ecuador. Gran colombia falls in 1830 because bolivar died
22. Liberal vs. Conservatives (Colombia)- Liberals and conservatives fought over the power the church had, civil war. The conservatives were in power until General hilario Lopez from 1848-49-liberals took power. In 1854 liberals and conservatives formed an alliance.
23. Rafael Nuñez- Led the regeneration process. Produced the constitution of 1886 which stayed untill 1991. President from 1880-1884.
24. Loss of Panama- In 1856 there was an incident between the u,s citizens and panamanians. 1903 panama and u.s signed a treaty but Colombia rejected it. In 1903 Panama declare independence from colombia.
25. General Rafael Reyes- took power in 1904- ruled like an authoritarian dictator. Reyes declared martial law and dissolved congress. Left office in 1909.
26. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán- liberal and populists, (for the people). He was a threat to his own liberal party, he was the first to run for president that wasn’t an elite. He was shot in april 9 1948, which caused “La violencia” .
27. General Gustavo Rojas- His military coup ended Guerilla warfare on both sides during the second phase of the violencia in 1948-53. Came into power. Staged another military coup in the 3rd phase of the violencia 1953-57.
28. La Violencia- Lasted from 1946-1965, this was a very large civil war between liberals and conservatives. The war had 4 phases resulting in 200,000 dead and 1 million losing their homes.
29. National Front- took place in 1958-74 where both liberals and conservatives agreed to rotate power down to the lowest local position every 4 years.
30. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)- Guerilla group anti-america. Started in 1964.
Venezuela
31. José Antonio Páez- Caudillo who was in conflict with Bolivar. Led the independence of Venezuela from Gran colombia. Paez established 1861-63 a dictatorship.
32. Antonio Guzmán Blanco- Led liberals, and represented the debt-ridden planters. Challenged the monopolies of the church. In 1888 he resigns office
33. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine- The Roosevelt corollary is an addition to the monroe doctrine. Warn Europe to stay out of the western hemisphere. And told latin america that the u.s can get involved if there was a threat or seemed fit
34. Juan Vicente Gómez- Took power and would rule until 1932. A dictator. Under him Venezuela entered its petroleum age. After vicentes death military officers moved into power.
35. Petrol state- is a political system that came dependents on and shaped by the emphasis of oil.
36. Rómulo Betancourt- In 1958 Betancourt became president, led a series of reforms in keeping with the pact. Betancourt with other military officer ousted the military dictatorship and established power.
37. Punto Fijo Democracy- party leaders agreed to respect the electoral process and more importantly to share power according to voting results.
38. Carlos Andrés Pérez, CAP- who was more of a leftist center politician
He was against u.s ideas, which many previous presidents were friendly with the u.s, also got along with Cuba. CAP came back into the presidency in 1989 but he reversed the course and imposed
39. Hugo Chávez- Military colonel who led a failed military coup in 1992. He emerges as a national hero, after being pardoned after a 2 year stint in prison. Populist.
40. Nicolás Maduro- Nicolas maduro was hand picked by Chavez as his successor. The crisis intensified under the Maduro government, growing more severe. Use manipulation and corruption to people to attend his pro-government campaigns.
Argentina
41. Federalists vs. Federalists II-
42. Juan Manuel de Rosas- very powerful caudillo from the provinces (outside of buenos aires)
Has a lot of support from the people. His goal is to rule all over argentina
43. Conquest of the Desert-
44. Radical Party- Members of the middle class were who were shut out from politics. They created the radicals.
45. Juan Perón- He was from the middle class and coronel in the army
Then secretary of labor. In 1946 and 1951 he was elected president. He was a Populist. Dies iin 1974.
46. Evita- Eva duarte de peron was the 2nd wife of Juan Peron. Loved by many people. Promoted Juan Peron. Advocated for women's suffrage, women's right to vote. Dies at the age of 33 from cervical cancer 1952
47. Populism- ‘for the people”. Appeals to ordinary people/ working class.
48. Dirty War: From 1976-1982. Military junta in charge. The Junta would disappear young people. Killed, tortured, and kidnapped of 10,000-30,000 people die
49. Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo- Movement founded in April 1944. The mother of plaza de mayo were mothers who lost a child from the military junta. To this day they still protest.
50. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner- the first female president of Argentina in 2007.
Chile
51. Eduardo Frei- Ran against Allende twice. From the christian democratic party. The u.s gave him their support.
52. Salvador Allende- Frei’s opponent twice. Wins the second election in 1970 against frei. Was democratically elected. He was from the popular action party. Kills himself with a gun gifted by Castro.
53. Popular Action Party- Allende’s party. Made of communists, socialists,7 and leftists. One of the 3 political parties of chile.
54. Agosto Pinochet- Dictator of chile who takes power after allende. Leader of the 1973 military coup. Under him 4,00 people disappeared, 40,000 people were exiled or imprisoned, and 28,000 tortured.
55. Plebiscite (Chile)- oppositional party that pinochet allowed. Took place in 1988. The NO campaign, who would bring hope to chile. A vote over if pinochet should run for the 90’s presidency. 8 more years
56. Michelle Bachelet- Elected in 2014. Became the first female president. Was imprisoned under Pinochet and tortured. Supported by the leftists and centrist