Mikud for Test 1 pharmacology 2023

Pilocarpine

an alkaloid muscarinic agonist that mainly effects secretion glands

salagen

brand name of pilocarpine

treatment of xerostomia, closed angle glaucoma, and to diagnose CF

uses of pilocarpine

signs of acetylcholine overdose, headaches, blurry vision

side effects of pilocarpine

physostigmine

a reversible AChE blocker that is a tertiary amine so it can pass through the BBB. It activates movement of the urinary and digestive systems

cholinergic antagonist

physostigmine is the antidote of _____ overdose

eserine

brand name of physostigmine

donepezil

reversible AChe blocker that specifically effects cholinergic receptors in the brain and it doesn't have many side effects

once a day

how often is donepezil administered

nausea, vomit, and diarrhea

side effects of donepezil

aricept and memorit

brand names of donepezil

Alzheimer's

donepezil is used as a treatment for _____

mydriasis and decreased activity of the urinary and digestive systems

general effects of atropine

muscarinic

what type of cholinergic antagonist is atropine?

decreased heart rate, dry mouth, no sweat secretion

effects of low doses of atropine

because it blocks the presynaptic effect that regulates acetylcholine release causing an increased effect of acetylcholine

why does low doses of atropine cause decreased heart rate

increased heart rate, palpitations, xerostomia, mydriasis, blurry vision

effects of a medium dose of atropine

excessive sweating and coma

effects of high doses of atropine

acetylcholine poisoning, digestive contractions, bradycardia, asthma, excessive sweating, night urination, open angle glaucoma, to decrease secretions before surgery

what is atropine used to treat?

eye drops

route of administration of atropine

xerostomia, redness of the skin, tachycardia, constipation, blurry vision, closed angle glaucoma

side effects of atropine

physostigmine

the antidote for an atropine overdose

ipratropium

muscarinic antagonist used to widen the bronchioles. it is administered by inhalation

Apovent, atrovent, aerovent

brand names of ipratropium

succinylcholine

depolarizing N-M antagonist used during intubation to cause rapid relaxation of the trachea muscles. It has a very short half life (5-10 minutes)

continuous IV infusion

route of administration of succinylcholine

pseudocholinesterase

succinylcholine is hydrolyzed by which enzyme?

hard to wake them up after sedation

someone who is deficient in pseudocholinesterase and is administered succinylcholine during surgery it will be _________

malignant hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, muscle stiffness, excessive sweating, apnea

side effects of succinylcholine

תמיכה נשימתית

succinylcholine needs to be given with _______

pancuronium

non-depolarizing N-M antagonist that directly blocks the nicotinic receptor and prevents its use

IV

route of administration of pancuronium

Phenylephrine

alpha 1 agonist causing vasoconstriction. It can be administered as nose drops, eye drops, IV diluted in 5% dextrose, or as a bolus

Efrin-10

brand name of phenylephrine eye drops

Af Taf

brand name of phenylephrine nose drops

headaches, insomnia, hypertension, rebound congestion

side effects of Af taf

3-5 days in a small dose

Af taf can't be used for more than ________

to check the fundus of the eye and for eye surgery

uses of Efrin-10

nasal congestion, eye surgery, to increase blood pressure

uses of phenylephrine

alpha 2 agonist

what category of agonist is clonidine

opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, ADHD, and heat flashes during menopause

what is clonidine used to treat

severe hypertension if a dose is missed

side effects of clonidine and alpha methyldopa

alpha methyldopa

alpha 2 agonist. it is a prodrug that turns into methyl-norepinephrine in the brain

Dobutamine

beta 1 agonist that is a synthetic catecholamine. It increases the strength of cardiac contractions

2.5mcg/kg/min

therapeutic dosage of dobutamine

to increase cardiac output during cardiac failure and shock

uses of dobutamine

infusion diluted in 5% dextrose

route of administration of dobutamine

atrial fibrillation

side effect of dobutamine

Terbutaline

beta 2 agonist. a short term bronchodilator that has an effect lasting around 3 hours. It is given through inhalation

asthma

terbutaline is used mainly to treat___

skeletal muscle tremors, restlessness, sleeping disturbances, weakness, arrhythmias

side effects of terbutaline and formoterol

formoterol

beta 2 agonist. long term bronchodilator. when mixed with budesonide it makes symbicart

Bricaline, Turbulin, Bricanyl

brand names of terbutaline

foradil, oxis

brand names of formoterol

prazosin

alpha 1 antagonist with a 3 hour half life. It causes vasodilation

hypertension and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

prazosin is used to treat

Hypotens, minipress

brand names of prazosin

orthostatic hypotension, fluid retention, reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion, severe drop in blood pressure with the first dosage

side effects of prazosin

Propranolol

beta blocker used to treat hypertension, glaucoma, migraines, hyperthyroidism, and angina pectoris

bronchoconstriction, arrhythmias, damage to sexual function in men, decrease in glycogenolysis and glucagon secretion

side effects of propranolol

Deralin, Inderal, Prolol

brand names of propranolol

atenolol

beta blocker used to treat migraines by preventing vasoconstriction

bronchoconstriction, arrhythmia, cold limbs, inability to perform strenuous physical activities, hypoglycemia, decrease in metabolism and excretion of drugs

side effects of atenolol

carvedilol

alpha 1 and beta blocker that causes vasodilation and prevents reflex tachycardia

Dimitone and Carvedexxon

brand names of carvedilol

psuedoephidrine

adrenergic agonist with a complex function. that increases blood pressure and causes slow bronchodilation but to a lesser extent than ephedrine

nasal congestion and viral infection of the upper respiratory tract

what is pseudoephedrine used to treat

Sinufed, Tarofed, Alfapi

what drugs is pseudoephedrine found in?

morphine

Mu and delta agonist. A strong agonist that consists of 10% opium. It can supress the coughing reflex and cause vasodilation

morphine ampoules, MIR, MCR, MCR uno, MSP

brand names of morphine

pills, capsules, delayed released capsules, injection, candles

route of administration of morphine

to treat severe pain and to treat coughs

uses of morphine

nalaxone

antidote of morphine overdose

Pethidine

a strong agonist of opiate receptors that has a 3-4 hour long lasting effect

mepiridine

another name for pethidine

Dolestine

brand name of pethidine

injection

route of administration of pethidine

to help severe pain during childbirth in the last stages of labor or after labor, or surgery

uses of pethidine

respiratory depression in the embryo, toxic to the brain, seizures, halucinations

side effects of pethidine

fentanyl

strong opiate receptor agonist that is 80 times more potent than morphine

Fentapatch, Durogesic patch, Actiq pills

brand names of fentanyl

IV, patch, PO

routes of administration of fentanyl

15 minutes

active time of a fentanyl IV

12-24 hours, 3 days

the fentanyl patch will start having an effect after ________ and it will last for about ________

to treat pain after surgery, the patch to give longer lasting relief, PO to treat oncology patients when other opiates don't help

uses of fentanyl

Oxycodone

strong opiate receptor agonist that has similiar effects to morphine but with less severe side effects

Oxycontin tablets, Oxycod syrup, Percodan, Percocet, Targin

brand names of oxycodone

Percodon

oxycodone and aspirin

Percocet

oxycodone and paracetamol

Targin

oxycodone and nalaxone

to prevent constipation as well as provide pain relief

uses of Targin

Methadone

strong opiate agonist with a half life of 36 hours

Adolan

brand name of Methadone

as a replacement drug for someone with an opioid addiction because it has less aggressive withdrawal symptoms

uses of methadone

dizziness, arrhythmias, respiratory disturbances

side effects of methadone

codeine

a moderate opiate receptor agonist. It is a prodrug that changes into morphine by way of CYP450. It has a smaller analgesic effect than morphine

Codical, rekod, Histafed Comp., Pertussol, Tussossedan, Shiulon

brand names of codeine

to treat mild to moderate pain, and in low doses to treat coughs

uses of codeine

Naloxone

opiate antagonist with a 15 minute effects. It is used to treat opiate overdoses

Narcan

brand name of nalaxone