Plant tax Lecture final

Asterids- Cornales

Cornaceae (dogwood family)

Simple, opposite leaves

Showy petaloid bracts in some

Asterids- Ericales

Ericaceae (heath family)

Anther inversion stamen development

Leaves: coriaceous, revolute

Coriaceous

tough texture

Revolute

edge curls over

Astrids - Ericales

Sarraceniaceae (Pitcher plant family)

Carnivorous

Leaves - pitcher shaped, apically hooded, fluid filled

Flowers - large nodding, sepals persistent, petals deciduous

Core Asterids (possible synapomorphies)

Obviously sympetalous corolla

Number of stamens equal number of petals (Not for lamiaceae)

Epipetalous stamens (Stamens adnate to the corolla

Usually 2 fused carpels

DNA sequences

Lamiids

Opposite leaves

Hypogynous perianth (superior ovary)

Campanuliids

Alternate leaves

Epigynous perianth (Inferior ovary)

Lamiids - Lamiales

Lentibulariaceae (Bladderworts)

Carnivorous

Trap doors

Lamiids - Lamiales

Lamiaceae (Mint family)

Stems usually 4 sided

Aromatic ethereal oils

Opposite leaves

Bilabiate flowers

Lamiids - Solanales

Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory)

Dextrorse twining vines (growing up from left to right)

Actinomorphic, sympetalous

Involute aestivation

Often funnel shaped

Dioscoreales

Dioscoreaceae (Yam family)

Tuberous

Net venation

Solanales

Salanaceae (Nightshade family)

Sympetalous corolla

5 stamens, often connivent

Alkaloids

Datura stramonium - Jimson Weed

“Jamestown weed”

Bacon’s rebellion - 1676

Group of soldiers poisoned

Hallucinated for 11 days

Campanulids - Apiales

Apiaceae (=Umbelliferae) - Carrot family

herbs

sheathing leaves

involucrate compound umbels

Araliaceae - Ginseng Family

Mostly tropical

Palmate (or pinnate)

inflorescense of heads, umbels, or w/ umbel units

Asterales

Asteraceae - aster family

Inflorescence a head (capitulum

Flowers biliabiate, disk, or ray/ligulate

Calyx = pappus (scales, awns, or capillary bristles)

Bilabiate

zygomorphic (bilateral) with 2 lips

Ray (Ligulate)

Zygomorphic (bilateral) with 1 lobe

Disk

actinomporphic (radial), usu. 5-lobed/

Syngenesious

stamens with anthers connate, filaments distinct

Ligulate/liguliferous

all ray flowers, typically with 5-toothed corolla apices

Discoid

only disk flowers

Radiate

cantral disk flowers (bisexual or male), peripheral ray (female or sterile)

Bilabiate

all bilabiate flowers

What is the name of the work providing the rules and recommendations for plant nomenclature?

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)

What organisms are covered by the ICN?

Land plants, algae, and fungi (+slime molds, water molds)

What are two basic activities governed by the ICN?

Naming new taxa

Determining the correct name for previously named taxa

Principle 1

Botanical nomenclature is independent of Zoological and Bacteriological nomenclature

Principle 2

The application of botanical names is determined by means of nomenclatural types

Holotype

Primary specimen upon which a name is based, designated at the time of publication

Isotype

duplicate of the holotype, collected at the same time by the same person from the same place

Lectotype

Selected from the original material to serve as the type when holotype not available

Neotype

specimen derived from a non-original collection that is selected to serve as the type

Principle 3

Each taxon can have only on correct name

-of a particular circumscription, position, and rank, the earliest in accordance with the rules.

Principle 4

Scientific names are treated as Latin

Latin genders and Primary endings

Masculine - us

feminine - a

neuter - um

Principle 5

The rules and regulations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are retroactive

Principle 6

Botanical nomenclature is based upon priority of publication (Name published first is the legitimate one)

What are the main criteria of valid publication?

a. Name must be effectively published (available to botanist)

b. Name must be published in the correct form, properly Latinized with the correct rank ending

c. Name must be published with a Latin or English description or diagnosis or with a reference to such.

d. Rank must be indicated

e. Nomenclatural type must be indicated

The Biological Species Concept

Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups (E. Mayr 1942)

Problems with the Biological Species

Difficult to apply to fossils

Asexual organisms do not fit the criteria

Plants can hybridize

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Smallest possible group descending from a common ancestor and diagnosable by unique, derived traits

Infructescence

An inflorescence turned to fruit

Wind Fruit dispersal

Anemochory

Floating or fluttering

produce large numbers of fruits

Fruit Self-dispersal

Autochory

Uses no external means

Ballistic uses explosive means

Water Fruit Dispersal

Hydrochory

Buoyant

Smooth, streamlined

Ant Fruit Dispersal

Myrmecochory

Fat packet (Elaiosome)

Animal Fruit Dispersal

Zoochory

Exozoic

Sticky mucus

Hairs, barbs, etc

Endozoic

Fruit is edible and nutritious

Human Fruit dispersal

Anthropochory

Human-mediated

Can lead to invasive species