Animal production

To reproduce sexually, animals must produce ____

gametes

In most species, individuals have ____ organs that produce gametes

Gonads

The female external reproductive structures include the ____ and two sets of ____

clitoris; labia

The internal organs are a pair of gonads, _____, and a system of ductts and chambers that carry gametes and house the embryo and fetus

ovaries

The female gonads, the ovaries, lie in the ______

abdominal cavity

Each ovary contains many ____

Follicles

What is a follicle

consists of one egg cell surrounded by one or more layers of follicle cells

Secondary oocyte forms after ____ is completed

meiosis i

A _______ surrounds the oocyte

cumulus oophorus

A ______ forms between the follicular cells

fluid-filled antrum

Two layers formed from the ovarian stoma _____ and ______

Theca interna (vascular) and theca externa (connective tissue capsule)

______ is the development of mature ova

oogenesis

A first and second polar body is produced that contains the ____

extra DNA

Oogenesis has long resting periods where _____

all oogonia enter meiosis before a female is born and one one of a few primary oocytes initiate meiosis each month

Ovulation expels an egg cell from the _____

follicle

The remaining follicular tissue then grows within the ovary to form a solid mass called the ______ which secretes hormones, depending on whether or not pregnancy occurs

Corpus luteum

The corpus luteum secretes _____ and _____ that helps to maintain pregnancy

estradiol and progesterone

If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum ______

degenerates

The egg is released into the abdominal cavity near the opening of the _____

oviduct or fallopian tube

_____ and ____ within the tube convey the egg to the uterus

Fimbria and cilia

The egg travels from the ovary to the uterus via an _____

oviduct/fallopian tube

Cilia in the oviduct convey the egg to the ____, also called the womb

uterus

The uterus lining, the ____, has many blood vessels

endometrium

The uterus narrows at the _____, then opens into the vagina

cervix

Ovulations occurs after the _____ has started to thicken in preparation for implantation

endometrium

In menstrual cycles

the endometrium is shed from the uterus in a bleeding called menstruation and sexual receptivity is not limited to a specific time frame

In estrous cycles

The endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus, sexual receptivity is limited to a “heat” period

Pituitary Ovarian Axis :

1. Maturing follicle secretes estrogen

2. Estrogen stimulates hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

3. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH

4. GnRh and estrogen stimulate pituitary to secrete LH and FSH

5. Oocyte completes meiosis I, follicle rapidly enlarge and then ovulates

There is a cyclic secretion of GnRH from the _____

hypothalamus

what two hormones are released from the anterior pituitary and orchestrates the female reproductive cycle

FSH and LH

Changes in the uterus define the ______

menstrual cycle (uterine cycle)

Changes in the ovaries define the _____

ovarian cycle

The sequential release of GnRH and FSH and LH stimulate

follicle growth

Follicle growth and an increase in the hormone estradiol characterize the _____ of the ovarian cycle

follicular phase

The follicular phase ends at _____ and the secondary oocyte is released

ovulation

Following ovulation, the follicular tissue left behind transforms into the corpus luteum, this is called the _____

Luteal phase

After the luteal phase, the corpus luteum disintegrates, and ______

ovarian steroid hormones decrease

The uterine (menstrual cycle)

hormones coordinate the uterine cycle with the ovarian cycle.

Thickening of the endometrium during the _____ coordinates with the follicular phase

proliferative phase

Secretion of nutrients during the _____ coordinates with the luteal phase

Secretoru phase

Shedding of the endometrium during the ____ coordinates with the growth of new ovarian follicles

Menstrual flow phase

The male’s external reproductive organs are the _______

Scrotum and penis

A male’s internal organs are the _____, which produce sperm and hormones and accessory glands

gonads

What are testes

Consists of many highly coiled tubes surrounded by several layers of connective tissue

The tests tubes are _____, where sperm form

seminiferous tubules

______ produce hormones and are scattered between the tubule

Leydig cells

production of normal sperm cannot occur at the body temperatures of most mammals - the testes of many mammals are held outside the abdominal cavity in the _____, where the temperature is lower than in the abdominal cavity

scrotum

What is the production of mature sperm

spermatogenesis

What are the three ways spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis?

1. All four products of meiosis develop into sperm while only one of the four becomes an egg

2. Spermatogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood

3. Sperm are produced continually without the prolonged interruptions in oogenesis

During ejaculation,

Sperm are propelled through the muscular vas deferens, the ejaculatory duct, and exit the penis through the urethra

The sperm passes into the coiled tubules of the

epididymis

Three sets of accessory glands add secretions to the semen, the fluid that is ejaculated

1. A pair of seminal vesicles (abt 60% total volume of semen)

2. The prostate gland (secretes its products directly into the urethra through several small ducts)

3. the bulbourethral gland (secretes a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra

FSH promotes the activity of Sertoli cells, which _____

mourishes developing sperm

LH regulates leydig cells, which secrete _______, which in return promotes spermatogenesis

testosterone and other androgens

What regulates the production of GnRH, FSH, and LH through negative feedback mechanisms

testosterone

Sertoli cells secretes the hormone _____, which reduces FSH secretion from the anterior pituiatary

inhibin

______ and _____ are both controlled by hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

androgen secretion and sperm production

Once semen is in the female reproductive tract,

a number of processes, including contractions of the uterus, help more the sperm up the uterus

Fertilization of an egg by a sperm, conception, occurs in the

oviduct

After fertilization, tthe zygote undergoes cleavage and develops into a _____ before implantation in the endometrium

blastocyte

What is a blastocyte

a ball of cells with a central cavity

The outer layer of the blastocyte develops into the trophoblast and eventually into the ____

placenta

The embryo releases _______, which prevents menstruation

human chorionic gondaotropin (hCG)

what is the condition of carrying one or more embryos into the uterus

pregnancy or gestation

The blastula eventually develops into a ball containing three layers - the gastrula, which are

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm