exam 1 study

Which of the following is NOT NORMALLY found in urine?

Bacteria

What method of urine collection provides the most sterile sample

(when performed correctly)?

Mid-stream clean catch

What method of urine collection is most often used for standard

microbiology analyses?

Random

High levels of glucose is normal in urine.

False; it indicates diabetes.

Normal components of urine are generally at their highest level during

what time of day?

Morning; on waking up

What preservative interferes with blood and LE tests on chemical strips

(2 answers)? Hormone analysis? Causes crystal formation?

Formaldehyde & Sodium fluoride

Which of the following would not be reported on a physical

examination of urine

Specific gravity

The normal yellow tint of urine is directly due to what chemical

component?

Urochrome

What urine color would indicate the highest (best) level of

hydration?

Straw

Oxidation of this compound will give urine an orange-brown color; it

is non-pathological.

Urobilinogen

What component is non-pathological, can be found in urine, and

will give urine a pink tint when refrigerated due to fixing to crystals?

Uroerythrin

What is a non-pathological cause of urine that is orange that

produces no foam when shaken?

Phenazopyridine

Foam is a pathological indicator.

True

What physical aspect of a urine sample would indicate bilirubin

present rather than the use of phenazopyridine medications?

Orange colored urine with orange foam

You receive a urine sample that is red. The sample is fresh.

Chemical tests indicate the presence of blood (uniform pattern).

Microscopy does not indicate presence of red blood cells. What is

indicated overall?

Hemogobin

A pathological condition that causes urine to appear dark brown is

Melanin

What disorder causes a presence of homogentisic acid in urine?

alkaptonuria

The measure molaLity has what units?

Mols/Kg

A patient’s urine sample has a SG value of 1.025. What can be said

about the urine?

Normal

What is used to perform QC on an optical refractometer with a SG =

1.022 value?

5% glucose/water solution

Osmometry does not require corrections for excessive glucose

and/or protein in urine samples.

True

An emergency room patient is severely dehydrated. Where would

their urine osmolality values likely lie?

Closer to 1200

Chemistry urinalysis tests indicate blood is present in urine (a

speckled pattern is observed). The urine sample is hazy. What

component is most likely causing the observed results?

Red blood cells

A patient has an acute transfusion reaction. The urine sample sent

to the lab is clear and red. What is the most likely cause of the

abnormal urine sample?

Intravascular hemolysis

A patient produces less than 400 mL of urine in 24 hours. How

would you categorize this?

Oliguria

Sweet/fruity urine odor

A pathological condition likely indicative of ketones.

Colligative property

A property that depends on the number of solute particles present in solution.

Healthy urine sample

A sample that may appear cloudy.

Porphyria

A pathological condition that causes urine to appear with a port red wine color.

Refractometry Specific Gravity Correction (Glucose)

Subtract $0.004$ for every $1\,g$ on glucose in the urine.

Specific gravity of $1.010$

A cause for concern as it may indicate the kidneys are not concentrating urine.

Urine osmolality in extreme dehydration

The urine osmolality values will increase.

Refractometer Calibration

Requires the use of 1. Distilled water and 2. Sodium chloride solution.

Osmometry

The best method for indicating urine concentration, as it is not affected by protein and/or glucose.

Order a test for homogentisic acid

The best course of action if a urine specimen turns black after sitting at room temperature.

Specific gravity units

No units.

Molality units

$mols/kg$ solute.

Plasma osmometry

A useful technique for determining possible ingestion of toxins.

Isosthenuric

A specific gravity value of $1.010$.

Not urine

A specific gravity value less than $1.002$.

Radiographic dyes

Likely cause for a urine specific gravity value greater than $1.040$.

Normal specific gravity

A specific gravity value of $1.020$.

Paleolithic (cave dwel ling) Age

The time period during which the earliest versions of urinalysis were performed.

High levels of glucose

An abnormal finding in urine; it is false to categorize this as normal.

$$1,440$$

The number of minutes in a $24$ hour day.

Bacteria

A substance that is NOT NORMALLY found in urine.

$$20\,^{\circ}\text{C}$$

The temperature at which urine chemistry testing should be performed.

Water

The primary substance that urine is largely composed of.

Under $2\,\text{hours}$

The window of time from collection to testing for a urine sample.

Refrigeration

A storage method whose most common disadvantage is that it causes precipitation of amorphous crystals.

Morning; on waking up

The time of day when normal components of urine are generally at their highest level.

Random

A collection type used in the emergency department for dug and preg test.

Mid-stream clean catch

The most common sterile col lection method; when done properly, it is used for microbiology.

Suprapubic aspiration

An invasive method that provides the most sterile col lection, though it is not commonly used.

$$24\,\text{Hour}$$

The urine collection method used specifically for creatinine clearance and porphyrin testing.

Total magnification (low power)

$100$ (calculated using a 10x ocular and a low power objective).

CLIA Quality Control Frequency

A minimum of once per day of testing.

50x objective in urinalysis

False; it is not the prescribed objective for high power field analysis.

Minimum Quality Control Levels

$2$ levels.

Artifact

An entity seen under microscopic examination that is NOT of importance.

Brightfield

The most common form of microscopy performed manually by a technician.

Quality Assurance considerations

Includes errors, quality control, accuracy, and turn around time.

Quality assurance

Ensuring that the lab provides the best results for patient care.

Quantitative measure

A numerical measurement such as: Glucose is $150\,mg/dL$.

Reporting with failed QC

Laboratory guidelines prohibit reporting patient results if QC levels are out, even if QC is acceptable after the fact.