Substance Use Disorder "wake and bake"

This disorder involves repeated use of substances in situations where it is physically dangerous, continued use despite problems cause by the substance, and other aspects of life being given up due to the substance. It also involves strong craving to use the substance.

Substance Use Disorder

How much criteria should be met in order to get a mild diagnosis of SUD?

2-3 criteria

How much criteria should be met in order to get a moderate diagnosis of SUD?

4-5 criteria

How much criteria should be met in order to get a severe diagnosis of SUD?

6 or more criteria

What are the two symptoms usually part of severe substance use disorder?

Tolerance

Withdrawal

This symptom involves larger doses of drug needed to produce desired effect. The effects of the drug actually decreases if the usual amount is taken. An increase of dose needs to be taken to get a better effect.

Tolerance

This symptom involves negative or physical and psychological effects from stopping substance use. This may include muscle pain, twitching, sweating, or vomiting.

Withdrawal

What are the people who have developed tolerance or withdrawal to a drug called?

Dependent/Addicted

What usually happens when an alcoholic experiences withdrawal?

Muscle tremors, elevated pulse, blood pressure, and high body temperature, delirium tremens

This is a rare withdrawal symptom in which alcohol in blood drops suddenly. A person can experience tremors and hallucinations (such as spiders crawling on their skin) and can become delirious

Delirium tremens

Why is it that high comorbidity can occur between cigarette and alcohol use disorders>

alcohol and nicotine are cross-tolerant. Nicotine can induce tolerance for the rewarding effects of alcohol and vice versa

How does nicotine induce tolerance of rewarding effects of alcohol?

Nicotine influences the way alcohol works in the brain's dopamine pathways associated with reward

Why is it that people often stigmatize those with substance use disorders?

people view alcohol and drug problems as merely moral lapses rather than conditions in need of treatment

When looking at the prevalence of alcohol use disorder and alcohol use itself, it is most frequent in which age group?

college-age adults

This refers to a person ingesting 5 drinks in a short period of time

binge drinking

This refers to a person taking 5 drinks on the same occasion 5 or more times in a 30-day period

heavy-use drinking

SUD is often comorbid with the following disorders:

borderline, antisocial personality disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders

Alcohol enters the bloodstream quickly through the __________

small intestine

effects of alcohol vary depending on _______, which varies by gender, height, weight, liver efficiency, and food in stomach

Concentration

size of drink is not defined by its amount but rather, it is defined by _________

alcohol content

One of the several neurotransmitters stimulated by alcohol is ____________ receptor, which leads to reduced tension and inhibition

GABA

Alcohol increases neurotransmitters such as ____________ and ________, which produce pleasure

dopamine; serotonin

Alcohol inhibits ____________ receptors, which leads to cognitive difficulties such as slowed thinking and memory loss

glutamate

Negative effects of alcohol in people's cognitive functioning include:

-significant motor impairment

-difficulty monitoring errors

-poor decision making

Long term effects of prolonged alcohol abuse includes

-impairment of digestion of food and absorption of vitamins

-damage to endocrine glands, brain, pancreas, heart failure, erectile dysfunction, hypertension, stroke, capillary hemorrhages

This is a long term effect of alcohol use and a disease. This is when some liver cells become engorged with fat and protein, which impedes their functioning. Some cells die, triggering an inflammatory process, developing a scar tissue and obstructs blood flow.

Liver cirrhosis

This is a syndrome of an infant which is caused by heavy alcohol intake during pregnancy. This leads to intellectual disability among children, slowed fetal growth, and anomalies on cranial, facial, and limbs of the child.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

The addicting agent of tobacco is:

nicotine

Nicotine stimulates which neurons and which brain area (which causes reinforcing effects of most drugs)?

dopamine neurons; mesolimbic area

Cigarettes cause diseases such as:

-Emphysema

-cancers of: larynx, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, cervix, stomach

-cardiovascular disease

-sudden infant death syndrome

-pregnancy complications

What are the most harmful components in the smoke coming from burning tobacco?

nicotine, carbon monoxide, tar

Smoking is more prevalent in which socioeconomic class?

lower socioeconomic classes

This is also known as environmental tobacco smoke. This actually contains higher concentrations of ammonia, carbon monoxide, nicotine and tar. Most of the people who inhale these are nonsmokers

Secondhand smoke

Effects of secondhand smoke to babies of pregnant women are:

premature birth, low birth weight, birth defects

Children of smokers are more likely to experience the following diseases:

upper respiratory infections, asthma, bronchitis, inner-ear infections

True or False

Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke are greater than average to likely develop cardiovascular disease and lung cancer.

True

Why is it that African Americans are less likely to quite smoking and more likely to get lung cancer?

They retain nicotine in their blood longer. They also metabolize nicotine more slowly

Which ethnicity has low metabolism of nicotine, which explains why their population have lower lung cancer rates?

Chinese Americans

The differences of cigarettes and E-cigarettes are the following:

-made of plastic or metal

-filled with liquid nicotine mixed with other chemicals

True or False

Despite the lack of tar and other carcinogens, FDA regulations still treat e-cigarettes like any other regulated tobacco products

True

This is a drug derived from dried and crushed leaves and flowering tops of hemp plant cannabis sativa

Marijuana

This is stronger than marijuana. This is produced by drying the resin exudate of the tops of the cannabis sativa plant

Hashish

Marijuana is legal for all uses in ____ states. On the other hand, it is only legal for medical uses in ___ states

8;29

What is the best description for the psychological effects of marijuana?

feelings of relaxation and sociability

What are the effects of marijuana for large uses?

-rapid shifts of emotion

-interferes with attention, memory, and thinking

What are the effects of marijuana for heavy doses

-hallucinations and panic

-cognitive impairment

effects of marijuana usually takes ____ minutes to appear

30

Based on the videos of Kitty "wake and bake" Duterte, what can we infer about the physiological effects of marijuana?

bloodshot and itchy eyes, dry mouth and throat, increased appetite, reduced pressure within the eye, increased blood pressure

Chronic use of marijuana or severe cannabis disorder actually leads to reductions in ________ and poorer performance on tests assessing working memory and processing.

IQ Points

Marijuana affects 2 cannabinoid receptors which lead to cognitive problems. These receptors are:

CB1 and CB2

CB1 receptors are mostly found in which region of the brain?

Hippocampus

The active chemicals in cannabis are:

cannabinoids

A major cannabinoid in marijuana, which is implicated with the feeling of being high is:

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

A second cannabinoid in cannabis, which is not associated with the feeling of being high, is:

cannabidiol (CBD)

Patterns of connectivity in brain parts such as ______ and _______ are found to be different in people who use marijuana. This leads to changes in emotion and attentional capabilities

amygdala; frontal cortex

Despite all the negative stuff, Marijuana actually has therapeutic effects such as:

-reduces nausea and loss of appetite caused by chemotherapy

-reduces discomfort associated with cancer, glaucoma, chronic pain, muscle spasms, seizures, AIDS

True or False

Surprisingly, medical marijuana legalization is NOT associated with an increase in use among adolescents

True

Bonus Question:

Which musical artist smoked weed in Peru and was almost banned in the Philippines by the CBCP?

One Direction

Opioid medications include

opium, morphine, heroin, codeine

The goal of Opioid drugs is to:

relieve pain

prescription pain medications are among the most abused of all drugs. Two major groups of these are:

Hydrocodone

Oxycodone

Examples of hydrocodone drugs are:

vicodin, zydone, lortab

Examples of oxycodone drugs are:

percodan, tylox, oxycontin

The most commonly abused drug containing hydrocodone is

Vicodin

The most commonly abused drug containing oxycodone

oxycontin

A prescription pain medicine which has become a serious and deadly drug of abuse is

Fentanyl

How do we characterize the first wave of overdose deaths from opioids:

overdose deaths were driven mostly by prescription pain medicines

How do we characterize the second wave of overdose deaths from opioids:

it is mostly driven by heroin use

What best characterizes the psychological and physical effects of opiates?

produces euphoria, drowsiness, and lack of coordination. It also includes loss of inhibition and increase self-confidence. it also gives intense feelings of warmth and ecstacy

letdowns coming from opiates usually happens after _____ hours

4-6

Opiates stimulate receptors of the body's ________.

opioid system

What best characterizes the first 8 hours of opiate withdrawal?

muscle pain, sneezing, sweating, tearfulness, yawning (resembles influenza)

What best characterizes opiate withdrawal within 36 hours?

uncontrollable muscle twitching, cramps, chills, flushing, elevated heart rate/BP, incomnia, vomiting, diarrhea

in total, opiate withdrawal lasts for ____ hours

72

Opioids may achieve their pleasurable effects via their action in the area of the brain called _________

Nucleus accumbens

withdrawal from opiates is also called as ______

dopesick

Stimulants act on the brain and the ________ to increase alertness and motor activity

sympathetic nervous system

_______ are synthetic stimulants while _____ is a natural stimulant.

amphetamines; cocaine

cocaine comes from what type of plant?

coca leaf

Major categories of stimulants

Amphetamines

Methamphetamine

Cocaine

a normal, everyday, mild stimulant is

caffeine

examples of amphetamines are

Dexedrine, Adderall

When it comes to neurotransmitters, amphetamines trigger release and block reuptake of _____ and ______

norepinephrine; dopamine

a person who took amphetamines is most likely to be

alert, euphoric, outgoing, has boundless energy, and self-confidence

High doses of amphetamines however can lead to

nervousness, agitation, confusion, suspiciousness, hostility

tolerance for amphetamines can develop after only _____ of use

6 days

This is the most commonly abused stimulant drug also known as "crystal" or"ice".

Methamphetamine (Meth)

_____% of people have reported to ever having used meth

5.4

What best characterizes the effects of Meth?

induces immediate high or rush that lasts for hours. However, good feeling crashes and person becomes agitated.

True or False

Cravings for Meth is so strong it lasts years even after use is discontinued

True

Meth is associated with damage to the brain, affecting both the _______ and ______

dopamine system; serotonin system

Meth use is also associated with reductions in brain volume in areas such as ______ and ______ cortices and the _______. It also damages areas related to reward and decision making

temporal; frontal; hippocampus

Meth is mostly use in areas and places such as

small towns

This is a new form of cocaine developed from rock crystals that are heated, melted, and smoked

Crack

What best characterizes the effects of cocaine?

induces pleasurable states, increased sexual desire, self-confidence, and stamina

What best describes the experience of a person going through cocaine overdose?

chills, nausea, insomnia, paranoia, hallucinations, heart attack, death

True or False

Not all cocaine users develop tolerance

True

This type of drug induces hallucinations once its taken

Hallucinogens

Examples of Hallucinogens are

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), psyilocybin, mescaline

True or False

LSD do not have evidence of withdrawal but tolerance develops rapidly

True