Ex Phys Final Exam

These flashcards cover essential concepts related to the respiratory system and cellular respiration, including mechanisms of breathing, gas exchange, energy production, and exercise physiology.

What are the main functions of the Respiratory System?

To facilitate the exchange of air at the lungs and gas between the lungs and blood, as well as between blood and systemic tissues.

What happens during the inspiratory phase of respiration?

There is active contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.

What is vital capacity?

The maximum amount of air exchanged in one respiration.

What separates the upper respiratory tract from the lower respiratory tract?

The larynx is the anatomical division between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

What is the main muscle involved in ventilation?

The diaphragm.

What is the typical tidal volume (TV) for a 70-kg young adult male?

500 ml.

How much air does the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) typically hold?

3,000 ml.

What characterizes oxygen debt?

Elevated oxygen consumption post-exercise to repay the oxygen deficit at the onset of exercise.

What is EPOC?

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, which remains elevated post-exercise to facilitate recovery.

What are the primary products of aerobic respiration?

ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and produces less ATP.

What energy systems are utilized during short-term, high-intensity exercise?

ATP-PC system for 1-5 seconds, followed by a shift to glycolysis for intense exercise lasting over 5 seconds.

What causes delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?

Microscopic injury to muscle fibers leading to inflammation and edema, not lactate accumulation.

What macronutrient is primarily used for fuel during high-intensity exercise?

Carbohydrates are the primary fuel during high-intensity exercise.

What is the lactate threshold?

A sudden increase in blood lactate concentration during graded exercise, indicating a switch to anaerobic metabolism.

What is tidal volume?

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath during quiet breathing

Why do trained subjects have a lower oxygen deficit?

Better developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity due to

cardiovascular (more capillaries) and muscular adaptations

(greater mitochondrial volume)

What is a metabolic response to prolonged exercise in a cool environment?

ATP production primarily from aerobic metabolism

What does heart rate measure?

Number of beats per minute

What does a lower resting heart rate typically indicate?

Better cardiovascular fitness and stroke volume

What is heart rate recovery?

How quickly heart rate decreases after exercise

What does the ECG measure?

Electrical activity of the heart

What does the P wave represent?

Atrial depolarization

What does the QRS complex represent?

Ventricular depolarization

What does the T wave represent?

Ventricular repolarization

What does blood pressure measure?

Force of blood against artery walls

What is systolic blood pressure?

Pressure during heart contraction

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Pressure during heart relaxation

How does blood pressure change in exercise?

Systolic increases, diastolic stays the same roughly

Depolarization = _______ and repolarization = ______

Contraction, relaxation

Term for elevated blood pressure

Hypertension

Hypertension increases ______ on the heart, which is the resistance the heart must pump against

After load

How does the heart respond to afterload?

It worked harder to pump blood

What structural change occurs in the left ventricle with hypertension?

Left ventricular hypertrophy

What can prolonged hypertension lead to?

Heart failure

What is one risk of hypertension?

Atherosclerosis

What is the sliding filament theory?

Muscle contraction occurs when actin and myosin slide past each other

What triggers calcium release?

Action potential traveling down the muscle fiber