AP Euro 2.2/2.3/2.4

Market Economy

An economic system in which decisions about production, investment, and distribution are based on supply and demand.

Agricultural Revolution

A period of significant agricultural development marked by improvements in farming techniques and productivity.

Putting Out System

A production system where tasks are contracted out to individuals who work from home rather than in a central workshop.

Cottage Industry

A small-scale, decentralized manufacturing operation that is often run from a home.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization and technological innovation that transformed economies, societies, and cultures in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Slave labor

Work performed by individuals who are coerced into labor and receive no compensation for their work.

Consumer Culture

A social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts.

Raw materials

Basic materials that are used to produce goods.

Atlantic trade

Trade routes across the Atlantic Ocean, often involving the exchange of enslaved people, slaves, and raw materials between continents.

Market driven wages and prices

Wages and prices that are determined by the demand and supply levels in the market.

Bank of England

The central bank of the United Kingdom, established in 1694, which manages monetary policy and issues currency.

Middle Passage

The sea route used for the transport of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Triangle trade

Trade system involving three regions: Europe, Africa, and the Americas, characterized by the exchange of slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods.

Plantation economy

An economy that relies on agricultural mass production, often involving the large-scale farming of cash crops.

Empiricism

The theory that all knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses.

Enlightenment

An intellectual and philosophical movement that emphasizes reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.

Voltaire

A French Enlightenment writer known for his wit and advocacy of civil liberties.

Diderot

A French philosopher and writer, best known for co-founding and editing the Encyclopédie.

Locke

An English philosopher whose work on political philosophy greatly influenced democratic theory.

Rousseau

A Genevan philosopher who wrote about social contract theory and the importance of the general will.

Natural rights

Rights that individuals are born with and that cannot be taken away, often associated with life, liberty, and property.

Salons

Gatherings of influential thinkers and intellectuals, often held in private homes, that facilitated discussions on philosophy and politics.

Adam Smith

An economist known as the father of modern economics, best known for his book 'The Wealth of Nations'.

Free trade

International trade that is not subject to tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.

Free market

An economic system where prices for goods and services are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.

Deism

The belief in a rational and natural religion that emphasizes morality and a creator who does not intervene in the universe.

Skepticism

A critical approach to knowledge that questions the validity of accepted beliefs.

Atheism

The absence of belief in the existence of deities.

Religious toleration

The acceptance of different religious beliefs and practices.

Montesquieu

A French political philosopher who advocated for the separation of powers in government.

The Spirit of the Laws

Montesquieu's foundational work on political theory, analyzing various forms of government.

Cesare Beccaria

An Italian philosopher known for his work on criminal justice and his opposition to torture and capital punishment.

On Crime and Punishment

Beccaria's key work advocating for judicial reform and humane treatment of criminals.

Social Contract

The theory that individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to give up some of their freedoms in exchange for protection of their remaining rights.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An English writer and advocate for women's rights, known for her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.

Olympe de Gouges

A French playwright and activist known for her feminist writings, including the 'Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen'.

Coffeehouses

Public spaces that became centers for social interaction and intellectual discussion.

Newspapers

Printed publications that provide news and information, emerging in the 17th century.

Periodicals

Magazines and journals published at regular intervals, contributing to the dissemination of new ideas.

The Encyclopedia

A major work edited by Diderot that attempted to compile and categorize knowledge of the time.

Physiocrats

Economic theorists who believed that the wealth of nations is derived from the value of land agriculture.

Francois Quesnay

A French economist known for being the leader of the Physiocratic school and for the development of the Tableau Économique.

David Hume

A Scottish philosopher known for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism, particularly regarding causation.

Baron d’Holbach

A French philosopher who was an outspoken advocate of atheism and materialism during the Enlightenment.

Baroque nationalism

An artistic and architectural style characterized by grandeur and emotional intensity, often linked to national pride.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and nature.

Handel

A German-British composer known for his operas, oratorios, and concertos, particularly 'Messiah'.

Bach

A German composer and musician of the Baroque period, known for his intricate musical compositions.

Bernini

An Italian artist and architect recognized for his work in sculpture and baroque architecture.

Dutch Golden Age

A period of great wealth and cultural achievement in the Netherlands during the 17th century.

Jan Vermeer

A Dutch painter famous for his intimate interior scenes and masterful use of light.

Rembrandt

A Dutch painter known for his rich use of color and his contributions to portrait painting.

Neoclassicism

An artistic movement that emerged in the late 18th century, characterized by a return to classical simplicity and grandeur.

Jacques Louis David

A French painter known for his neoclassical style and historical paintings.

Daniel Defoe

An English novelist, best known for his novel 'Robinson Crusoe'.

Samuel Richardson

An English writer known for his novels, notably 'Pamela' and 'Clarissa', which pioneered the form of the epistolary novel.

Jane Austen

An English novelist known for her keen observations of human relationships and social commentary in works like 'Pride and Prejudice'.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

A German writer and statesman, noted for his contributions to literature and philosophy, especially with his work 'Faust'.

Inoculation

The process of introducing a vaccine or antigenic substance into the body to provoke immunity.

Privacy

The right of individuals to keep their personal affairs out of public view.

Consumer Revolution

A period in the 18th century marked by an increase in the consumption of goods and the emergence of consumer culture.

Novels

Long fictional narratives that explore characters and plots in depth.

Taverns

Establishments that provide food and drink, often serving as social gathering places.

Theaters

Venues for live performances and dramatic plays, significant in culture and entertainment.