Child dev 209 final vocab

the last chapers section

attachment

an emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time

what is a attachment theory

theory based on John Bowlby’s work that posits that children are biologically predisposed to development to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

what is a secure base

refers to the idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment

what is the internal working model of attachment

the child’s mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. the working model guides children’s interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages

what is the strange situation

a procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess infants’ attachment to their primary cargiver

what is a secure attachment

having a positive and trusting relationship with their attachment figure

what is an insecure/ resistant attachment

where children are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than exploring their environment.

What is an insecure/ avoidant attachment

where children seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid the caregiver.

what is the disorganized/ disoriented attachment

Children have no consistent way of coping with the stress.

what is parental sensitivity

caregiver behavior that involves the expression of warmth and contingent responsivity or in distress

what is self- concept

a conceptual system made up of one’s thought and attitudes about oneself

what is social comparison

the process of comparing aspects of one’s own psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others in order to evaluate oneslef

what is personal fable

a form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one’s own feelings and thoughts

what is the imaginary audience

the belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else if focused on the adolescent’s appearance and behavior

what is self-esteem

an individual’s overall subjective evaluation of his or her worth and the feeling he or she has about that evaluation

what is identity

a description of the self that is often externally imposed, such as through membership in a group

what is identity achievement

explored and committed

identity moratorium

currently exploring, not making a commitment

what is identity foreclosure

commitment with out exploration

what is identity diffusion

no commitment and no exploration

what is ethnic and racial identity

the belief and attitudes an individual has about the ethnic or racial groups wo which they belong

what is accuturation

the process of adjusting to a new culture while retaining some aspects of ones’ culture of origin

what is s*xual identity

one’s sense of oneself as a s*xual being

what is s*xual orientation

a person’s preference regarding males and females as objects of erotic feelings

what is s*xual-minority youth

young people who experience same-s*x sttractions

what is family structure

the number of and relationships among the living is a household

what i internalization

the process by which children learn and accept the reasons for desire behavior

what is the bidirectionality of parent-child interactions

the idea that parents and their children are mutually affected by one another’s characteristics and behaviors

what is polyvictimization

the co-occurrence of multiple forms of maltreatment

what is relational aggression

the kind of aggression that involves excluding others from social group and attempting to do harm to others people’s relationships

what is sociometric status

a measurement that reflects the degree to which children are liked or disliked by their peers as a group

what is controversial (peer status)

children or adolescents who are liked by quite a few peers and are disliked by quite a few others

what is gender typing

the process of gender socialization

what is gender typed

behaviors stereotyped or expected for a given person’s assigned gender

what is cross-gender-typed

behavior stereotyped or expected for the gender other than that of a given person

effect size

magnitude of difference between 2 group’s averages and the amount of overlap in their distribution

what is meta-analysis

statistical method used to summarize the average effect size and statistical significance across several research studies

what are androgens

class of steroids hormones that normally occur at slightly higher levels in males than females and that effect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onward

what is organized influence

potential result of certain s*x-linked hormones affecting brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty

What is activating influences

potential result of certain fluctuations in s*x-linked hormone levels affecting the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavior responses

what is self-socialization

active process during development whereby children’s cognitions lead them to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their expectations and beliefs

what is gender identity

self-identity as a boy or a girl ( or possibly both)

what is gender stability

awareness that gender remains the same over time

what is gender consistency

realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person’s appearance or behavior

what is an interest filler

initial evaluation of information as being personally interesting

what is tuition

learning through direct teaching

what is enactive experience

learning to take into account the reaction one’s past behavior has evoked in others