SLP 329 Chapter 1

antonym

words that differ in opposite value for a single important feature.

bilingual

fluent in two languages; uses two languages on a daily basis

bound morpheme

meaning unit that cannot occur alone, but must be bound to a tree morpheme (ex. -ly, -er, -ment or -ed, -s). Can be derivational or inflectional.

code switch

communicative competence

The degree to which a speaker is successful in communicating, which is measured by the appropriateness and effectiveness of the message. A competent communicator can conceive, formulate, modulate, and issue messages successfully.

deficit approach

The harmful notion that only one dialect of a language is inherently correct or standards and that others are substandard or exhibit a deficit.

dialects

Subcategories of a parent language that use similar but not identical rules.

discourse

A language activity; can be narrative and jokes and their constructions

free morpheme

morphemes that are independent and complete within themselves. These form words or parts of words. (ex. walking)

language

Socially shared code or system for representing concepts through symbols or words that are arbitrary.

linguistic competence

A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules in a given language.

linguistic performance

Linguistic knowledge in actual use. Can be used to deduce an individual's linguistic competence.

metalinguistics

The ability to talk about language, analyze it, think about it, judge it, and see it as an entity separate from its content or context. Helps us to judge the correctness or appropriateness of the language we produce and receive

morpheme

Words are made of one or more smaller units called morphemes. A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit and is divisible. Most English words consist of one or two morphemes.

morphology

The internal organization of words.

nonlinguistic cues

Gestures, body posture, eye contact, head and body movement, and physical distance that convey information without the use of language

paralinguistic cues

Codes, such as intonation, stress or emphasis, speed or rate of delivery, and pause or hesitation, that are superimposed on speech to signal attitude/emotion which creates meaning. Intonation (use of pitch) is most complex. Also known as suprasegmental devices.

phoneme

specific sounds in spoken language, as well as sound combinations. Phonemes are classified by their acoustic or sound properties, as well as the way they are produced.

phonology

The aspect of language concerned with the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.

pragmatics

the social use of language and how you use language to achieve you communication goals. Concerned with the way language is used to communicate, rather than language for or what is being said. (ie. saying "im broke" to get your roommate to loan you money). Using language to achieve goals.

register

Situationally influences language variations. They depend on the speakers perception of the situation and the participants, attitude toward or knowledge of the topic, and intention or purpose.

selection restrictions

constraints of specific word meanings that govern possible word combinations because they are meaningless or redundant. (ex. you don't say "dog puppy" or "cat puppy").

semantic features

aspects of meaning that characterize a word. These are used to analyze how words relate, contrast, and form categories (ex. puppy = canine and young).

semantics

A system of rules governing the meaning or content or words and word combinations.

sociolinguistic approach

speech

style shifting

suprasegmental devices

synonym

Words with almost identical features

syntax

The form or structure of a sentence. Syntax specifies which word combinations are acceptable or grammatical and which are not. A sentence must contain a noun phrase and a verb phrase.

vernacular

word knowledge

Contains word and symbol definitions and is primarily verbal.

world knowledge

Autobiographical and experimental understanding and memory of particular events in your past.

five components of language

syntax (word order and relationships), morphology (words and word beginnings and endings), phonology (sound units and sequences), semantics (ideas), and pragmatics (intention)