amh- The Third Movement of Immigrants/Catching Up With Second Movement

1. Old and New Industries

2. Railroads

3. New Classes

In what ways did the US develop during the height of the Industrial Revolution?

The beginning of Industrial Revolution was focused on railroad expansion, allowing migration to cities. New industries now were focused on steel, steam, and gas industry (monopolies)

Old vs New industries during Industrial Revolution

Railroads=connection. Main reason for expansion. Allows for new cities (other than NY and Boston) to become industrial powerhouses; ex. Chicago

What was the significance of railroads for the Industrial Revolution?

The upper class were industrial giants (“Robber Barons“), the growth and establishment of the middle class into categories of either unskilled work or Blue Collar designation

What new classes were created in the Industrial Revolution?

Blue Collar Working Class

the part of the working class that did skilled work; construction workers

Primarily made up of Irish Americans. Gives the Irish more purpose and establishment in US.

Who made up the Blue Collar Working Class? Why is this important?

1. Electricity

2. Gas powered cars

3. Urban Life (more lived in cities than on farms)

What were the main changes of lifestyle that occurred in the height of Industrial Revolution?

1. Hire more immigrants as cheap labor due to high demand of work from migration to urban life (automatically replaced if you miss work)

2. Assembly line could function with less skilled workers (anyone, including illiterate, individuals will do)

Due to the main changes of lifestyle in the revolution, what as the impact on workers?

Southern and Eastern Europeans, Russians

Who were considered the “New“ immigrants of the Third Movement?

Reinforced “perpetual alien” idea from differences in culture, politics, skills

How are the Japanese different from the “New“ immigrants (Third Movement of Immigrants)?

1. Overpopulation

2. Political Movements

3. Religious Persecution (3rd major religion is Jewish/Judaism; opposite of Christianity)

Push Factors for the “New“ Immigrants/Third Movement

The technology allowed for faster boats (steamships) that decrease trip time to a week for Europeans and 3 or 4 weeks for Asians. Also cheaper tickets. Steerage class same except for the effect of less travel time (less disease able to spread) and can afford food and cook more.

Transit for the “New“ Immigrants/Third Movement?

1. US campaigned/advertise to immigrants to come over to the US 

2. Labor Agents

Pull Factors for the “New“ Immigrants/Third Movement

The US thought their campaigns would attract rich immigrants to come over with their money and set up successful businesses. In reality, poor immigrants looking for work immigrated.

How did the pull factor of the US campaigning for immigrants to come to the US not go as planned?

Those who advertised to immigrant communities to come to America

How were labor agents a pull factor to the US?

Ellis Island

Main/most popular immigration center on East Coast

1. Medical Exams

2. Government Inspections

3. Approved

Steps for processing at Ellis Island

If sick/diseased/anything else, will be sent away. Check for lice, trachoma (contagious blindness), STDs, pregnancy. Physicals take average of 6 seconds. Chalk Code (if find something undesired, put chalk mark on them, they go back to home country.

Processing at Ellis Island: Step 1 (Medical Exams)

Checking documents and questioning to determine if they met the legal requirements (no felonies, letters of rec). Had to have some money (at least $25). Taken to registry room.

Processing at Ellis Island: Step 2 (Government Inspections)

Room where all processing immigrants are put; waiting room for interviews. If say something wrong during interview, booted out. Families separated (if kid had tuberculosis, parents have  to decide whether they go with kid home or stay). Lasted 1-2 days.

Registry Room

Given a landing card. Jewelry, gold teeth, etc. exchanged for US money (usually a rip-off). Immigrants immediately try to buy tickets and move away from major cities to Midwestern cities due to rumors of job competition and sickness. 17M immigrants came in through Ellis Island.

Processing at Ellis Island: Step 3 (Approved)

A physical identification tag or certificate, often pinned to an immigrant's clothing, confirming they passed health inspections and cross-referenced their name with the ship’s manifest (passenger list)

Landing Card

Angel Island

Most popular immigration processing center on West Coast

Processed mainly Asians, so more blatant racism in process. (Chinese Exclusion Act active). Acts as a holding center until they can figure out your origin. If you don’t look Asian, go straight through.

How did Angel Island differ from Ellis Island?

Xenophobia

fear of people who look different than you; lead to rise of Nativism

Immigration Restriction League (1894)

Political group that collect information as to why immigrants shouldn’t come into the US as evidence to support claims. Coined the term “desirable immigrants“ and required rigged literacy tests.

Prescott F. Hall

Political figure who formulates the idea that some immigrants can come in, but some can’t. Founder of Immigration Restriction League.

The rise of a new Klan. The first KKK clan focused targeting Black people, now Second KKK target more people.

Example that reflect the growth of Nativism during Third Movement

Second Ku Klux Klan

New wave of KKK that is against religions different from Christianity, people in cities (believed cities were full of jiggalos and prostitutes), against anyone that has a job they don’t like (prostitution, social workers). Believe they are the true race and true people, community with the highest morals, white supremacy. Valued “True Americanism”.

Extra Legal Organizations

How did the Second KKK carry out their actions they did such illegally?

“Scientific” Racism

Using distorted scientific data to justify racial discrimination and hierarchy as well as Nativism and Xenophobia in the Late 19th early 20th century

1. Growth in University

2. Colonization

3. Charles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species” (1859) lead to eugenics

4. IQ Tests

How was Scientific Racism reinforced in systems and every day life? (Examples of “Scientific” Racism)

Education by xenophobic professors who believe in scientific racism to students who become scientists 

How was scientific racism prevalent in universities?

Justifying colonization with scientific racism

How was scientific racism prevalent in colonization?

Misapplied Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution “survival of the fittest” to human society, economics, and race, acting as a “scientific” justification for imperialism, racism, eugenics, and social inequality

How was Charles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species” (1859) used to support Scientific Racism?

Eugenics

What did the misuse of Social Darwinism lead to?

Eugenics

The idea that you can breed the perfect race by excluding the bad races and having the “good” races interbreed. Considered as “solutions” to immigration problem.

The assumption that all human characteristics are borne of simple inheritance (genetically determined). ex. You are exactly like your parents, even worse if they are both a part of a ‘bad’ race”

What was the main principle of Social Darwinism?

Formulated a hierarchy of mental development from “idiot“ to “moron“ that determined which immigrants could hold which jobs

How did IQ tests support “Scientific” racism?

Positive Eugenics and Negative Eugenics

2 Types of Eugenics

Positive Eugenics

competition to reproduce as much as possible to maintain supremacy and goodness (ex. “Fitter family” and “better baby” competitions)

Negative Eugenics

Main method was sterilization (either selective or forced). Eugenics people who study eugenics believe you must get RID of races; but DON’T believe in killing. Only make sure they cannot have children.

Selective Sterilization

Sterilization was advertised to the public, so people persuaded into sterilization.

Forced Sterilization

Against the will of those who are sterilized (high majority women)

Buck vs Bell (1927)

Supreme court case about sterilization. 8-1 decision against a woman who got sterilized against her will at Ellis Island. People can still be sterilized against their will legally (never overturned)

1. 1891 Immigration Act

2. Immigration Act of 1903 (AKA Anarchist Exclusion Act)

3. Immigration Act of 1917

4. The Emergency Quota Acts 

What were the main Immigration Restrictions (Laws) between 1903 and 1924?

1891 Immigration Act

Right after the Chinese Exclusion Act. Government establishes a new actually strict, air-tight process to restrict immigration. Barred “idiots, insane persons, paupers, or persons like to become public charge”, criminals, those w/sickness, polygamists (for funsies).

This act set up an agency that will be the police enforcement for immigration. Established that government had the right to deport someone AFTER processing at Ellis Island (e.g. get sick, can’t read or write, something gets past them etc.)

Why was the 1891 Immigration Act important?

A relatively progressive immigration cartoon that highlights the hypocrisy of established Americans (many were former immigrants or had immigrant family) who tried to block new immigrants from entering the country. "They would close to the new-comer the bridge that carried them and their fathers over.”

‘Looking Backward“ Political Cartoon

Anarchist Exclusion Act; Immigration act that strengthened the government’s powers to pursue, round up, or deport anarchists found within the US. Deported Russians back to Russia and US citizens to “anarchist" states.

Immigration Act of 1903

Direct result from Pres. McKinley assassination by anarchist.

What problematic event in the US led to the Immigration Act of 1903?

Literacy Act and Asiatic Barred Zone Act; Barred pretty much all of Asia from entering US (from Turkey to Japan). Implemented literacy tests and banned men and women from entering who were the 3’Ds (Dependents, Delinquents, and Defectives), which were judged by random workers at Ellis Island

Immigration Act of 1917

The Emergency Quota Acts

All other massive immigration restrictions leads up to these. 2 Acts: Immigration Act of 1921 and Immigration Act of 1924

Visas

By 1917, now must apply for Visa outside US to even get on a boat TO the US.

Immigration Act of 1921

Set up a quota 3% of a group’s population in US as of 1910 Census (so if 0 Polish in America, 0 can come in, if 10 polish in America, only 10 can come in). Heavily reduced immigration.

Immigration Act of 1924

Revised the Immigration Act of 1921 to a new quota and total number. Decreased quota to 2% instead of 3%. Established US border patrol for control.

Latin Americans. Quotas did not apply. Still need visas.

Which group was the exception to the Quota Acts (Imm. Acts of 1921 and 1924)?

The Americanization Program

Pushed the idea of “Americanization“ with Compulsory Education Laws

“Americanization”

forced assimilation of immigrants already in US; examples are Compulsory Education Laws and settlement houses

Compulsory Education Laws

Laws that state all immigrants MUST go to public schools; children forced to assimilate and speak English. Part of Americanization Program.

Settlement Houses

Teach adults American ways, protestantism

Went through processing centers, IQ tests, other forms of discrimination, poor and wanted work

How were our New Immigrants similar to those immigrants who came before?

Hyphenated Americans

Second generation Americans (e.g. “African-American”, “Irish-American”)