Week 10 - Disorders in Growth pt. 2

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Last updated 2:14 AM on 4/15/26
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10 Terms

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Current LE in Canada

80 M, 84 F.

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LE in 2075

90.1 M 92.5 F
½ of Canadians aged 20 today will reach age 90
10% will reach 100

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Top 5 leading causes of death in Canada (2020)

  1. Cancer

  2. Heart disease

  3. COVID-19

  4. Unintentional injuries (accidents)

  5. Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke)

Exacerbated by lower income..?

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Chronological v Biological Age

Chronological age is based on the passage of time and not useful for predicting someone’s level of health.
Biological age is based on changes in the body that commonly occur with age.
Psychological age is important as well.

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Primary aging

Normal aka Pure aka Intrinsic Aging
Normal functioning decline that is universal part of aging in the context of overall good health.
Normal mild cognitive decline and increase in forgetfulness.

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Secondary aging

Declines due to hereditary defects and negative environmental influences.
- poor diet, lack of exercise, substance abuse, environmental pollution, psychological stress.
- dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease
Frailty - poor functioning of multiple organs/systems which profoundly interfere with daily activities and make older people highly vulnerable.

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Hallmarks of Aging

  1. Genomic Instability

  2. Telomere Attrition

  3. Epigenetic Alterations

  4. Loss of Proteostasis

  5. Deregulated Nutrient Sensing

  6. Mitochondrial Dysfunction

  7. Cellular Senescence

  8. Stem Cell Exhaustion

  9. Altered Intercellular Communication

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Aging at the Tissue and Organ Level (3)

AGEs: Advanced glycation end products
- reaction btw carbohydrates and free amino groups creates cross-links in long-lived structural proteins, increases stiffness in blood vessels, joints, bladder, impairs function in kidney, heart, retina.
Stochastic epigenetic regulatory drift - turns tissues into cellular mosaics
Gradual decline of whole systems:
- Endocrine: estrogen (menopause, GH (somatopause), insulin (resistance)
- Immune system

<p>AGEs: Advanced glycation end products<br>- reaction btw carbohydrates and free amino groups creates cross-links in long-lived structural proteins, increases stiffness in blood vessels, joints, bladder, impairs function in kidney, heart, retina.<br>Stochastic epigenetic regulatory drift - turns tissues into cellular mosaics<br>Gradual decline of whole systems:<br>- Endocrine: estrogen (menopause, GH (somatopause), insulin (resistance)<br>- Immune system</p>
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Functional reserve

Extra capacity that keeps organs working normally despite aging. (When healthy we don’t use organs to capacity)

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Integrity of cells

Organ function depends on integrity of cells.
Number of cells decreases - senescence, apoptosis, stem cell exhaustion
Function of remaining cells may be altered: build-up of damage (protein aggregates, ROS, DNA damage), epigenetic drift, problems with cell-cell communication