Young Adulthood, Aging, and End-of-Life Concepts

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes covering developmental tasks of young adulthood, theories of love and aging, medical conditions in the elderly, and stages of death and grief.

Havighurst's $9$ developmental tasks of young adulthood

Selecting a mate, learning to live with a spouse, starting a family, raising children, managing a home, beginning an occupation, taking civic responsibility, finding a social group, and becoming an independent adult.

Prime of life

A period in young adulthood characterized by peak physical health, strength, energy, fertility, and sensory abilities.

Postformal thought

Practical, flexible thinking that accepts multiple viewpoints and contradictions.

Perry's Dualism

Thinking in terms of right versus wrong.

Perry's Multiplicity

Recognizing multiple opinions may exist.

Perry's Relativism

Understanding truth depends on evidence and context.

Dialectical thought

Combining opposing viewpoints into a more complete understanding.

Soft skills

Communication, teamwork, professionalism, responsibility, leadership, and problem-solving.

Holland's theory

People choose careers matching their personality type ($RIASEC$).

RIASEC

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional.

Erikson's stage of early adulthood

Intimacy versus Isolation.

Intimacy

Developing close, meaningful relationships.

Isolation

Difficulty forming meaningful relationships.

Five features of Emerging Adulthood

Identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and possibilities.

Factors influencing attraction

Proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity, matching hypothesis, and reciprocity.

Sternberg's three components of love

Intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Eros love

Passionate romantic love.

Ludus love

Playful, game-playing love.

Storge love

Friendship-based love.

Mania love

Obsessive and possessive love.

Pragma love

Practical and logical love.

Agape love

Selfless and giving love.

Cohabitation

Living together without marriage.

Gottman's Four Horsemen

Criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling.

Strongest predictor of divorce

Contempt, one of Gottman's Four Horsemen.

Social Exchange Theory

People seek relationships where rewards outweigh costs.

Homogamy

Choosing a partner similar to yourself.

Filter Theory

Relationships develop through filters such as proximity, similarity, and compatibility.

Optimal aging

Maintaining physical health, cognitive functioning, and active engagement in life.

SOC

Selective Optimization with Compensation.

Three parts of Selective Optimization with Compensation ($SOC$)

Selection, Optimization, and Compensation.

Young Old age group

Ages $65$ to $74$.

Old Old age group

Ages $75$ to $84$.

Oldest Old age group

Ages $85$ and older.

Centenarian

A person who is $100$ years old or older.

Blue Zones

Areas where people commonly live exceptionally long lives.

Factors contributing to longevity

Genetics, exercise, healthy diet, social support, avoiding smoking, and stress management.

Graying of America

The increasing percentage of older adults in the population.

Primary aging

Normal biological aging that occurs naturally.

Secondary aging

Aging caused by disease, lifestyle, or environmental factors.

Examples of primary aging

Wrinkles, gray hair, slower reaction time, vision decline, and hearing decline.

Examples of secondary aging

Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, stroke, and arthritis.

Aging and vision

Reduced sharpness and difficulty focusing on nearby objects.

Aging and hearing

Difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds.

Hypertension

High blood pressure.

Symptoms of a stroke

Facial drooping, arm weakness, and speech difficulties.

Symptoms of arthritis

Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling.

Symptoms of Type $2$ diabetes

Fatigue, excessive thirst, and frequent urination.

Osteoporosis

Loss of bone density that increases fracture risk.

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Tremors, rigidity, slow movement, and balance problems.

Peripheral Slowing Hypothesis

Cognitive slowing occurs because the nervous system slows.

Generalized Slowing Hypothesis

Overall information processing slows with age.

Hayflick Limit

Cells can divide only a limited number of times.

Free Radical Theory

Cell damage accumulates from unstable molecules called free radicals.

Protein Cross-Linking Theory

Proteins become damaged and less flexible over time.

DNA Damage Theory

Genetic damage accumulates as we age.

Cognitive reserve

The brain's ability to resist age-related decline.

ACTIVE Program focus

Memory, reasoning, and processing speed training.

Result of the ACTIVE Program

Improved cognitive functioning that lasted for years.

Dementia

A decline in memory and thinking that interferes with daily life.

Delirium

Sudden confusion caused by illness, injury, or medication.

Alzheimer's disease

The most common form of dementia.

Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease

Memory loss, confusion, personality changes, and difficulty completing familiar tasks.

Erikson's final stage

Integrity versus Despair.

Integrity

Feeling satisfied and accepting of one's life.

Despair

Regret and dissatisfaction with life.

Activity Theory

Staying active leads to greater life satisfaction.

Disengagement Theory

Aging involves withdrawal from social roles.

Continuity Theory

Maintaining familiar activities and lifestyles promotes successful aging.

Generativity in late adulthood

Volunteering, mentoring, caring for grandchildren, and community involvement.

Leading cause of death in the United States

Heart disease.

Third leading cause of death in $2020$

COVID-19.

Availability heuristic

Judging how common something is based on how easily examples come to mind.

Physiological death

The body's vital systems stop functioning.

Agonal breathing

Gasping breaths that often occur shortly before death.

Brain death

Complete and irreversible loss of brain function.

Vegetative state

No awareness while basic bodily functions continue.

Social death

Others begin treating a person as though they are already gone.

Psychological death

Emotional acceptance that death is approaching.

Kubler-Ross's five stages of grief

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.