Raymond Cattell & Hans Eysenck

How does Cattell's concept of personality traits differ from Allport's view of traits?

cattell was all scientific and statistically allport classified traits subjectively

Explain how traits can be identified through the use of factor analysis.

similar sets of data about a person are combined to create a single trait (or factor) if there is significant correlational evidence between them. cattell used factor analysis to simplify the list of traits and eliminate redundancies.

Describe three ways to categorize traits.

1. common vs unique

2. surface vs source

3. ability vs dynamic

Surface traits

personality characteristics that correlate with one another but do not constitute a factor because they are not determined by a single source; anxiety, fear, indecision.

Source traits

unitary personality factors that are much more stable and permanent and give rise to some aspect of behavior, individual factors derived from factor analysis; neuroticism.

What is the difference between source traits and environmental-mold traits?

environmental-mold traits derive from influences in our social and physical environments.

According to Cattell's research, which source traits are determined primarily by heredity?

constitutional traits.

Describe how Cattell's image of human nature differs from Freud's

he did not propose any ultimate goal or underlying psychosexual conflicts that push us from the past. he did not believe that childhood forces determine the personality permanently.

What is self-sentiment? What is its role in personality?

the maintenance and advancement of the whole personality as well as its physical preservation and functioning.

What Freudian ideas did Cattell incorporate into his stages of personality development?

the early years of life are crucial in personality formation, and that oral and anal conflicts can affect personality.

Identify the three types of data collected by Cattell.

life records (L-Data): observer's ratings of specific behaviors; how often an employee misses work

questionnaires (Q-Data): self-rating data; surveys, questionnaires,

personality tests (T-Data): person responds without knowing what aspect of behavior is being evaluated; Rorschach test

Describe the three personality types proposed by Eysenck. Does Eysenck suggest that personality traits are determined largely by genetic factors or by environmental factors?

1. extraversion/Introversion

2. neuroticism/Emotional Stability

3. psychoticism/Impulse Control Heredity

In what ways do people who score high in extraversion on Eysenck's personality test differ from people who score low?

introverts react more strongly to sensory stimulation (cortical levels); high in extraversion experience more pleasant emotions and be happier than low

Describe the behavior of people who score high in psychoticism on Eysenck's personality test.

aggressive, anti-social, tough-minded, cold, and egocentric

How does Eysnck's research on identical and fraternal twins and on adopted children support his conclusion about the role of genetic factors in personality?

his studies showed that identical twins are more alike in their personalities than fraternal twins even when reared in different environments

Describe McCrae and Costa's five factors of personality. What is the role of heredity and of environment in each of these factors?

1. neuroticism - hereditary

2. extraversion - hereditary

3. openness - hereditary

4. agreeableness - environmental

5. conscientiousness - hereditary

In what ways do people who score high in extraversion and in conscientiousness differ from people who score low in these factors?

people high in conscientiousness tend to be more reliable, responsible, efficient, and dependable, and usually earn better grades in school.

What are the emotional and behavioral correlates of high scores in neuroticism?

negative emotions

What are the dimensions of personality in the HEXACO model? How do they differ from those of the five-factor model?

the only difference from the FFM is the addition of the Honesty-Humility dimension.

What traits constitute the Dark Triad of personality? Give examples of ways in which they can affect our behavior

1. narcissism; arrogant, self-centered, selfish

2. machiavellians; manipulative, cunning, deceitful

3. psychopathy; callous, insensitive, antisocial