OB Exam 2 ~ Review Cards ~ set one

Intrapartum Complications

Complications that occur during labor and delivery.

Pre-term labor (PTL)

Labor that occurs between 20 and 37 weeks of gestation.

Post-term pregnancy

Pregnancy that exceeds 42 weeks.

Dystocia

Difficult labor due to abnormalities in the five P's.

Induction of labor (IOL)

Artificial initiation of labor after the period of viability.

Amnioinfusion

Introduction of a sterile fluid into the amniotic cavity.

Assisted Delivery

Use of instruments such as forceps or vacuum to aid birth.

Amniotic Fluid Embolism

Obstetric emergency caused by amniotic fluid entering maternal circulation.

Cesarean Birth

Surgical delivery through an incision in the abdominal wall and uterus.

Cervical changes

Modifications in the cervix indicating labor progress.

Uterine contractions

Rhythmic tightening of the uterine muscle during labor.

Infant mortality

Death of an infant within the first year of life.

Maternal Risk factors

Health conditions or demographics increasing risks for mother during labor.

Preterm labor markers

Indicators used to predict the likelihood of preterm labor.

Fetal fibronectin (fFN)

Glycoproteins found in cervical secretions, indicating risk for preterm labor.

Cervical shortening

Reduction in cervical length, a predictor of preterm labor.

Signs and symptoms of preterm labor

Indicators such as contractions and pelvic pressure signaling early labor.

Tocolytics

Medications used to suppress premature labor.

Betamethasone

Corticosteroid administered to promote fetal lung maturity.

Magnesium Sulfate

Medication used to relax uterine muscle and stop contractions.

Indomethacin

Prostaglandin inhibitor used to treat preterm labor.

Nifedipine

Calcium channel blocker that relaxes uterine muscles.

Maternal side effects

Adverse reactions experienced by mothers due to medications.

Fetal side effects

Adverse reactions experienced by fetuses due to medications.

Bishop's Score

A scoring system to assess the readiness of the cervix for labor induction.

Labor augmentation

Enhancing ineffective contractions after labor has started.

Amniotomy

Artificial rupture of membranes to induce labor.

Cervical ripening agents

Medications used to prepare the cervix for labor.

Push during labor

A maternal effort to aid the birthing process.

Vaginal discharge

Fluid release from the vagina indicating various stages of labor.

Cesarean section preparation

Steps taken to prepare for surgical delivery.

NPO before surgery

'Nil per os'—advice to abstain from eating or drinking before surgery.

VBAC

Vaginal birth after cesarean, a trial of labor after previous cesarean.

Postoperative care

Nursing management following surgical procedures.

Birth trauma

Physical injury sustained by the infant during childbirth.

Shoulder dystocia

Obstetric emergency where the baby's shoulder grows stuck during delivery.

Macrosomia

An abnormally large baby, typically over 4,000 grams.

Infection risk factors during labor

Conditions increasing the likelihood of infection during delivery.

Psychological support

Emotional care and encouragement provided to the mother.

Psyche factors

Mental and emotional influences affecting labor.

Dystocia risk factors

Conditions that may lead to difficult labor.

Labor evaluation techniques

Methods used to assess labor progress.

Fetal heart rate monitoring

Continuous evaluation of the fetal heartbeat during labor.

Mother's health assessment during labor

Evaluation of maternal well-being during childbirth.

Uterine activity assessment

Monitoring the pattern of contractions during labor.

Maternal age risks

Risks associated with maternal age, either under 17 or over 35.

Multifetal gestation

Pregnancy involving more than one fetus.

Amniotic fluid status

Evaluation of the volume of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus.

Cervical consistency assessment

Determining the firmness of the cervix during labor.

False labor

Contractions that do not lead to progressive dilation of the cervix.

Health complications from prolonged pregnancy

Risks associated with pregnancy beyond 42 weeks.

Dystocia intervention techniques

Methods to manage difficult labor.

Labor progression indicators

Signs showing how labor is advancing.

What is pain in the context of labor?

Pain is subjective and is defined by what the patient says.

What are the goals of pain management during labor?

To relieve pain without harm to the mother or the baby.

What is myometrial anoxia?

A source of pain during labor caused by a lack of oxygen to the uterine muscle.

Which nerves are affected by cervical stretching during labor?

Pelvic nerves.

What are the pain sources during the first stage of labor?

Dilation of the cervix and lower uterine segment distention.

Which dermatones are involved in the first stage of labor pain?

T11 & T12.

What stage of labor involves pain from the body of the uterus?

The second stage of labor.

What does estrogen do in the context of labor?

Induces oxytocin receptors on the uterus.

What role does oxytocin play in labor?

Stimulates the uterus to contract and the placenta to produce prostaglandins.

What factors affect pain perception during labor?

Past experiences, age, knowledge of labor, cultural expectations, psychosocial development, fatigue, environment, and support.

What is the purpose of a birth plan?

To have a calm and peaceful birth with informed choices.

What are some non-pharmacological pain management strategies?

Gate control theory, focusing strategies, active relaxation, and comfort measures.

What is one method of non-pharmacological pain management?

Massage or touch.

What does hydrotherapy refer to in pain management?

Use of water for pain relief during labor.

What is the purpose of using essential oils during labor?

To promote relaxation and reduce anxiety.

What is nitrous oxide commonly referred to as?

Laughing gas.

What is the administration method for nitrous oxide during labor?

Self-administered using a mask or mouthpiece.

What are common side effects of nitrous oxide?

Nausea and vomiting.

What type of anesthesia is an epidural?

Regional anesthesia.

What are the major pros of using an epidural?

Pain relief, increased relaxation, and safe for mom and baby.

What are some complications associated with epidurals?

Infection, slow labor, nerve damage, and hypotension.

What common medication is given to relieve nausea during labor?

Hydroxyzine or Promethazine.

What is a spinal anesthetic used for?

To numb the lower body during cesarean deliveries.

What are the risks of general anesthesia?

Used for emergent situations with potential complications like decreased placental perfusion.

What does 'left uterine displacement' refer to?

A technique to prevent compression of the inferior vena cava during labor.

What is one possible fetal complication from maternal hypotension?

Bradycardia.

What is the antidote for opioid overdose?

Naloxone.

What is a primary effect of an epidural on maternal movement?

Decreased mobility during labor.

What does the term 'active labor' refer to?

Timing for administering analgesia and anesthesia.

What is an important consideration when using epidurals?

Continuous monitoring of maternal and fetal vital signs.

Cardinal Movements

Deliberate, specific movements allowing the smallest diameter of the fetal head to pass through the mother.

Mechanisms of Labor

The 7 movements that occur during the labor process: engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation (restitution), expulsion.

Engagement

The first cardinal movement where the fetal head enters the pelvic inlet.

Descent

The movement of the fetal head down through the birth canal.

Flexion

The fetal neck flexes so that the chin is brought into contact with the fetal thorax.

Internal Rotation

The rotation of the fetal head to align with the pelvic inlet.

Extension

The movement where the fetal head extends as it passes under the pubic symphysis.

External Rotation (Restitution)

The fetal head rotates back to the anterior-posterior position after birth.

Expulsion

The final movement where the baby is delivered from the birth canal.

APGAR Score

A quick assessment tool for evaluating the condition of the newborn based on activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, and respiration.

APGAR Scoring System

A scoring system used to determine the health of a newborn at 1 and 5 minutes post-delivery.

Activity (muscle tone) Score: 0

Absent muscle tone in the newborn.

Activity (muscle tone) Score: 1

Arms and legs are flexed.

Activity (muscle tone) Score: 2

Active movement observed.

Pulse Score: 0

Absent pulse.

Pulse Score: 1

Pulse less than 100 bpm.

Pulse Score: 2

Pulse over 100 bpm.