History and Systems study set from notes

psyche

the study of the mind (spirit, soul, and the air that you breathe)

"those who do not know history are doomed to repeat it"

George Santayna

What is considered the life blood of science?

the ability to replicate or refute

"chance favors the prepared mind"

Lewis Pasuture - this means the more you know, the more you could do, the more you could recognize

Theory

just a likely story

theory of mind

defining feature of humanity since our origins

the psychological ability to understand that others have their own distinct beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives, and to use this understanding to explain and predict their behavior.

Neolithic Revolution

about 12,000 years ago when humans first transitioned from living in hunter-gatherer to temple builders and city dwellers.

this led to domestication of agricultural plants and then animals which required folks to stay put and to build structures for security.

Animism

looking at nature as if it was alive

Anthropomorphism

The projection of human attributes onto nonhuman things or nature.

Spirit

"breath" what gives life. Humans have always needed to understand, predict, and control.

Thales

first philosopher

offered his ideas as speculations and welcomed criticism

what did thales believe the world was made of?

water

What was the name of thales student?

Anaximander

Anaximander

believed that the physis was something that had the capacity to become anything. There was boundless, limitless possibilities.

water was a compound of an even more basic material.

He was the one that believed that the first infants grew inside of fish and then burst once they were able to survive on their own.

What did Heraclitus believe the physis was?

Fire

"it is impossible to step into the same river twice"

Heraclitus

What was Heraclitus question?

how can something be known if it is always changing?

All things existed in polar opposites (night-day, life-death, winter-summer)

only through injustice can justice be known, only through illness can health be known

Dionysiac-Orphic

A type of early greek religion

preached that the soul was a prisoner of the body and that it longed to be released so that it could dwell among the Gods.

Olympian

A type of early greek religion

Activities much like the upper-class greeks

Physis

the primary element from which everything is made

What did Hippocrates believe the physis was?

Empedocles (water, fire, air, earth)

what were early greek philosophers called?

cosmologists bc they sought to explain the orgin, structure, and processes of the universe

what did thales emphasize?

natural explanations and minimized supernatural ones

everything comes from something but what is that something?

"Nothing ever is, rather everything is becoming

Heraclitus

what did Parmendies believe?

all change is an illusion, there is only one reality

zeno's paradox

for an object to get from point a to point b, you have to go halfway between first

Pythagoras

the basic explanation for everything in the universe was found in numbers and numerical relationships

What was the 4 things that Empedocles believed the world was made up of?

earth, fire, air, water

What did Democritus say all things are made of?

tiny, invisible parts, atoms

Elementism

The belief that complex processes can be understood by studying the elements of which they consist.

Who was the founder of modern medicine?

Hippocrates

who was the best known sophist?

Protagoras

He was also the one who one upped Heraclitus and said you can only step into the same river once.

Skepticism

avoid being wrong by not believing in anything

trust simple sensations/feelings

who was the founder of the school of skepticism?

Pyrrho of Elis

Nothing could be known with certainty, so why believe anything?

cynicism

the belief that the best life is the one lived close to nature and away from rules and regulations of society

Epicurus

the good life involved seeking the greatest amount of pleasure over the longest period of time. - Pleasure comes from moderation

Who was the father of stoicism?

Zeno

stoicism

the belief that one should live according to nature's plan and accept one's fate with indifference or, in the case of extreme hardship, with courage.

Unemotionally responsive

believed that material possessions are unimportant

who was one of the most important advocates for stoicism?

marcus aurelius

How did St. Augustine say that humans can know God?

through intense introspection - aka by looking deeply inside themselves (prayer, meditation, and reflection).

who was the greatest scholastic?

St. Thomas Aquinas

Where did Aristotle believe ideas come from?

experience

Skepticism is anti ___ ?

dogmatist

Diogenes

Retreated from society to live in nature

to live a life in accordance with nature, often expressed through public displays of unconventional behavior such as living in a tub or openly masturbating

Epicureanism

goals must be obtained here, no afterlife.

atoms make up humans. never lose their ability to move hence free will.

hedonism

living for self, living for pleasure, basic needs.

pleasure and the absence of pain are the ultimate goals in life and the primary drivers of human behavior.

who wrote more in the Bible than anyone?

St. Paul

St. Paul

Studied Greek + Hebrew

Placed faith above reason

Human was divided into the mind, body, and spirit

Who/when did Christianity become a tolerated religion?

Emperor Contatine, 313

Who wrote the Cannon and what is it?

Avicenna, book on medicine

What did Averroes believe?

faith and reason had to be made compatible

Who was the first to use logic to support religion?

St. Anselm

bc we can think of God, he exists

What were the 3 ways peter lombard say we can know God?

Faith

Reason

Study God's work

Dialectic method

Peter Abelard

fancy word for debate

St. Thomas Aquinas

All paths lead to God

Animals do not possess rational souls and therefore, salvation is not available to them.

When was the Renaissance?

~1450-1600

Humanism

Intense interest in human beings, as if we discovered ourselves for the first time.

When was Martin Luther excommunicated?

1520

Heleo

sun

Who is known as the sun worshiper?

Kepler

What did Galileo believe about the sun?

heliocentric

"and yet, it still moves"

Induction

inductive reasoning moves from specific observations → a broader generalization.

I" for Increase → you start small (examples) and increase to a big idea.

Example: See many dogs with four legs → conclude all dogs have four legs.

Deduction

general rule or theory → apply it to a specific case.

Think: "D" for Down → you start with a big rule and drill down to a specific case.

Example: Rule: All mammals breathe air. Deduction: A dolphin is a mammal, so it breathes air.

Epistemology

Ideas, culture, and social

Ontology

A person's individual habits and mind/psycho

Phylogeny

A persons genes and biological factors/bio

Presentism

Interpreting and evaluating historical events in terms of contemporary knowledge and standards.

Great Person Approach

The approach to history that concentrates on the most prominent contributors to the topic or field under consideration.

Historical development approach

The approach to history that concentrates on an element of a field or discipline and describes how the understanding or approach to studying that element has changed over time. An example is a description of how mental illness has been defined and studied throughout history.

Failures should be published

Journal of non significant results

Goals of science

describe, explain, predict, control

Science doesn't lie...

It gives the best information

Galileo and Kant

Believed psychology couldn't be a science because it was concerned with a subjective experience

Correlational laws

Laws that specify the systematic relationships among classes of empirical events. Unlike causal laws, the events described by correlational laws do not need to be causally related. One can note, for example, that as average daily temperature rises, so does the crime rate without knowing (or even caring) if the two events are causally related.

Casual laws (cause and effect)

Laws describing causal relationships. Such laws specify the conditions that are necessary and sufficient to produce a certain event. Knowledge of causal laws allows both the prediction and control of events.

If you fail to replicate an experiment:

It's either the theory is wrong or you screwed up

Rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Fact

To assume otherwise is perverse

Determinism

the scientific assumption that human behavior is caused by potentially knowable factors

Karl Popper

falsification and stages

(1. Problem 2. Theory 3. Criticism of theory)

It's better to be wrong than to be vague

Freeman Dyson

Science talks in probabilities...

So they are confident in their theories

Kuhn's stages of science

1. Pre-paradigm

2. Paradigm

3. Paradigmatic

4. Paradigm drift

5. Crisis/revolution

Pre-paradigmatic

an early state when a science cannot agree on basic points (lack of science)

Paradigm

Framework or structure that guides the questions that we ask and how we interpret the answers

Ex: behaviorism, humanism...

Paradigmatic

Normal science

Paradigm drift

People challenge existing paradigm when it drifts/fails out of dominance

Crisis/revolution

An anomaly emerges that cannot be explained by the existing consensus/paradigm. A clash erupts between the old way of thinking (that can explain the anomaly).

First lab of psychology

Wundt, Germany, 1879

"Volunteerism"

Physical

Bio, environmental, sociocultural

Psychical

Mental events, beliefs, emotions, goals, values, and ideas

Our beliefs

Shape our reality

Indeterminism (uncertainty)

The contention that even though determinism is true, attempting to measure the causes of something influences those causes, making it impossible to know them with certainty. This contention is also called Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.

Nondeterminism

The belief that human thought or behavior is freely chosen by the individual and is therefore not caused by antecedent physical or mental events.

-rejects science (humanistic/existential)

environmental determinism

A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.

biological determinism

Psychical determinism

The type of determinism that stresses mental causes of behavior.

Mind-Body

Materialist, minister, idealist, dualist

materialism (monism)

a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values.