[LM.04] Asphyxia and Poisoning V2.pdf

Asphyxia

What term refers to all forms of violent death resulting from interference with respiration or reduction of oxygen supply to blood or tissues?

Anoxic

Which type of death occurs when arterial blood fails to become normally saturated with oxygen?

Anemic

What type of anoxic death is related to a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to low hemoglobin?

Stagnant

Which type of anoxic death is caused by a failure of circulation, such as in shock, heart failure, or venous obstruction?

Histotoxic

In which type of anoxic death is oxygen delivered to tissues but cannot be utilized by the cells, as seen in cyanide or alcohol poisoning?

Dyspneic

Which acute phase of asphyxia is characterized by rapid breathing, increased pulse rate, and rising blood pressure?

Retention of CO2

Along with lack of oxygen, what chemical change in the body triggers the dyspneic phase?

Convulsive

Which phase of asphyxia involves CNS stimulation, pronounced cyanosis, dilated pupils, and petechial hemorrhages?

Apneic

In which phase of asphyxia does the respiratory center become paralyzed, leading to shallow gasping and eventual heart failure?

Cyanosis

What is the term for the bluish discoloration of the skin seen as an external sign of asphyxia?

Petechial hemorrhages

What are the small, pin-point red spots caused by capillary rupture often seen in asphyxia victims?

Fibrinolysis

What process causes the internal finding of blood fluidity in asphyxial deaths?

Visceral congestion

What internal sign involving the organs is commonly found during an autopsy of an asphyxia victim?

Hanging

What form of violent death is brought about by the suspension of the body by a ligature encircling the neck?

Weight of the body

What is the constricting force in a death by hanging?

Complete

What type of hanging occurs when the feet are totally off the ground?

Partial

What type of hanging occurs when the feet or knees are still touching the ground?

Typical

What is the classification for a hanging where the knot is at the back of the neck or occiput?

Atypical

What is the classification for a hanging where the knot is found somewhere other than the back of the neck?

2kg

How much tension is required to compress the jugular vein during hanging?

5kg

How much tension is required to compress the carotid artery during hanging?

Venous congestion

What occurs in the neck when the jugular vein is compressed by a ligature?

Cerebral anemia

What occurs when the carotid artery is compressed by a ligature?

Vagal inhibition

What specific physiological response to carotid compression can cause sudden cardiac arrest?

Judicial hanging

In what specific type of hanging is a fracture of the cervical vertebra commonly expected?

Dribbling of saliva

What external sign is often found in hanging victims that helps indicate they were alive when suspended?

Suicide

What is the most common manner of death in cases of hanging?

Strangulation

What type of asphyxia is produced by a ligature tightened by a force other than the weight of the body?

Homicide

The manner of death in ligature strangulation is strongly suggestive of what?

Horizontal

In contrast to hanging, what is the usual orientation of the ligature mark in strangulation?

Below the thyroid cartilage

Where is the ligature mark typically located in a case of strangulation?

Throttling

What is the common term for manual strangulation using the hands?

Fingernail abrasions

What is a common external finding on the neck in cases of manual strangulation?

Suffocation

What term describes the exclusion of air from the lungs by closing or obstructing air openings?

Smothering

What specific type of suffocation involves blocking the external air orifices like the mouth and nose?

Choking

What type of suffocation involves the blocking of internal airways by a foreign body?

Compression Asphyxia

What type of asphyxia is caused by the immobility of the chest and abdomen due to external pressure or crush injury?

Submersion

What is the medical term for drowning involving the liquid environment?

2 to 5 minutes

What is the average time required for death to occur in drowning?

Fine white froth

What is the pathognomonic sign of drowning found at the mouth or nostrils?

Diatom test

What test checks for microscopic algae in bone marrow or organs to confirm drowning?

Wet drowning

What type of drowning involves the typical inhalation of water into the lungs?

Dry drowning

What type of drowning occurs when a laryngeal spasm prevents water from entering the lungs?

Carbon monoxide

Which gas is known as the silent killer and is common in Korea during winter due to coal use?

Hydrogen sulfide

Which colorless gas is known for its rotten egg odor and sweet taste?

H2S

What is the chemical formula for hydrogen sulfide?

Hydrogen cyanide

What is one of the most toxic and rapidly acting gases mentioned in the sources?

Lung irritants

What category of gases includes chlorine, phosgene, chloropherin, and diphosgene?

Autoerotic Asphyxia

What is the intentional restriction of oxygen to the brain for sexual arousal?

Accidental

What is the usual manner of death in cases of autoerotic asphyxia?

Padding

What is often found between the ligature and the neck in autoerotic asphyxia since it is not intentional?

Incaprettamento

Which ritualized form of murder involves tying a victim's legs and arms to a ligature around the neck while they are face down?

Burking

What term describes a combination of smothering and traumatic asphyxia by sitting on a victim's chest?

William Burke and William Hare

After whom was the term Burking coined?

Intoxication

In the historical cases of Burking, how were the victims usually incapacitated before being smothered?

Medical schools

To whom did Burke and Hare sell the bodies of their victims?

Toxicology

What is the study of poisons and the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms?

Poison

What is any substance that produces ill-health or death due to its physical, chemical, or physiological properties?

Large amounts

While harmless in small quantities, when can any substance become a poison?

Hydrocarbons

What category of poisons includes gasoline, kerosene, and paint thinner?

Button batteries

Which common household item can cause accidental poisoning in children by burning holes in the esophagus?

Trachea

Into which structure can an esophageal burn from a button battery extend?

3000

Out of 12 million known chemicals, approximately how many cause accidental or deliberate poisoning?

Plutonium

What is considered the most toxic substance in existence?

24000 years

What is the half-life of Plutonium?

Paracetamol

What is the most common agent used in suicidal poisoning because it is an over-the-counter drug?

Viktor Yushchenko

Which Ukrainian president survived an assassination attempt involving TCDD ingestion?

TCDD

What is the most potent dioxin and a contaminant in Agent Orange?

Interference with respiration

What is the primary mechanism that defines all forms of asphyxia?

Traumatic crush asphyxia

Name one contributing factor for anoxic death besides high altitude or anesthesia.

Severe hemorrhage

Besides anemia, what can cause anemic anoxic death?

Shock

Besides heart failure and venous obstruction, what can cause stagnant anoxic death?

Alcohol

Besides cyanide, what is another example of a substance causing histotoxic anoxia?

Shallow and gasping

How is breathing described during the apneic phase of asphyxia?

Post-mortem lividity

Besides cyanosis and edema, what is an external sign of asphyxial death?

Cardiac dilatation

What happens to the heart internally as a result of asphyxia?

Occiput

Where is the knot located in a typical hanging?

Infanticide

Strangulation by means of a ligature is sometimes observed in what specific crime involving newborns?

Umbilical cord

What object might cause accidental strangulation during childbirth if it is coiled?

Thyroid or hyoid

A fracture of which two neck structures might be found in ligature strangulation?

Finger marks

What is a specific external finding on one side of the neck in manual strangulation?

Immobility of chest and abdomen

What prevents the free exchange of air in compression asphyxia?

Viscid fluid

Drowning occurs when the mouth and nostrils are submerged in water or what other type of fluid?

Air mixing with fluid

What creates the fine white froth seen in drowning victims?

Sulfur dioxide

Name a gas listed in the sources that can cause asphyxia by inhalation.

Chlorine

Which lung irritant mentioned is commonly used but can cause asphyxia by irritating the airways?

Escape mechanism

What do autoerotic asphyxia practitioners usually have that fails, leading to death?

Italian mafia

With which criminal organization is Incaprettamento usually associated?

To bind up a young goat

What is the literal translation of the Italian word that Incaprettamento is derived from?

Edinburgh

In which city did the Burke and Hare murders occur?

Shortage of cadavers

What was the medical motivation for the Burke and Hare murders?

Condemned to death

Before Burke and Hare, what was the only legal source for medical school cadavers?

Topical anesthetics

Name a category of medication listed as a potential poison.

Furniture polish

Name a household product listed under hydrocarbons.

Household, agricultural, plants, industrial, and food

What are the five common sources of poisons found around us?

Radiation illness

Besides cancer and death, what is an effect of plutonium toxicity?

Accidental and deliberate

What are the two general types of poisoning?

Criminal

What is the specific sub-type of deliberate poisoning used to harm others?

Agent Orange

In what wartime agent was TCDD a contaminant?

Reduction of oxygen supply

Besides interference with respiration, what is the other primary result of asphyxia?