Sampling Methodology and Data Organization

Flashcards covering various sampling techniques (probability and non-probability) as well as the steps for organizing and presenting data based on lecture notes.

Sampling

The process of selecting a subset (sample) from a larger population to make inferences about the whole population.

Probability Sampling

A method where every member of the population has a known and equal chance of being selected, which reduces bias and ensures results are generalizable.

Non-Probability Sampling

A method where not every member has a known or equal chance of selection; it is often quick and convenient but may be biased.

Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

A type of probability sampling in which every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Systematic Sampling

A probability sampling method in which every $k$-th individual from a listed population is selected to be part of the sample.

Stratified Sampling

A probability sampling method in which the population is divided into subgroups (strata) based on a specific characteristic, and then samples are randomly selected from each subgroup.

Cluster Sampling

A probability sampling method in which the population is divided into clusters (groups), some clusters are randomly selected, and all members of those clusters are included in the sample.

Convenience Sampling

A non-random sampling method in which the researcher selects participants who are easiest to reach or readily available.

Judgmental / Purposive Sampling

A non-probability sampling method in which the researcher selects participants based on their expertise, knowledge, or specific characteristics relevant to the study.

Snowball Sampling

A non-probability sampling method in which existing study participants recruit future participants from among their acquaintances or networks.

Quota Sampling

A non-probability sampling method in which the researcher ensures certain subgroups (quotas) of the population are represented according to predefined criteria, but selection within the quota is not random.

Data Organization

The process of arranging and structuring raw data to make it easier to understand and analyze.

Editing

The step in data organization that involves checking for errors, missing values, or inconsistencies in collected data.

Classification

The step in data organization that involves grouping data into categories based on common characteristics.

Coding

The step in data organization that involves assigning symbols or numbers to data for easier handling, such as assigning Male = $1$ and Female = $2$.

Tabulation

The process of presenting data in tables to summarize information.

Data Presentation

The process of displaying organized data in a visual or structured format to make it easily interpretable.

Textual Presentation

A method of data presentation that involves describing data using words.

Tabular Presentation

A method of data presentation that uses tables, such as a frequency table of student grades, to summarize data.

Graphical/Visual Presentation

A method of data presentation that uses charts and graphs to represent data visually.