final exam notes - labs 7, 8, 9, & 10

Vascular Tissue

Consists of xylem and phloem, responsible for transporting water, minerals, and nutrients.

Primary Growth

Vertical growth that occurs in all plants.

Secondary Growth

Width growth that occurs specifically in seed plants.

Sporophyte

The dominant, diploid phase in ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

Pollen

The male gametophyte of seed plants.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen to the egg, removing the need for water in fertilization.

Gymnosperms

Seed plants that do not have flowers or fruits and include conifers.

Cones

Reproductive structures in conifers, containing scales for gamete production.

Double Fertilization

A process in angiosperms where one sperm fertilizes the egg, and another fertilizes the central cell to form endosperm.

Meristems

Sites of plant growth and division, leading to primary and secondary growth.

Parenchyma

Basic plant cell type that is alive, large, and performs storage and photosynthesis.

Collenchyma

Plant cells with unevenly thickened cell walls that provide flexible support.

Sclerenchyma

Plant cells with very thick secondary cell walls that provide structural support and are dead at maturity.

Fungi

Eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic, more closely related to animals than plants, and digest food externally.

Mycelium

The mass of hyphae that makes up the feeding part of a fungus.

Hyphae

Chains of cells that make up the structure of fungi, having walls composed of chitin.

Yeast

Unicellular fungi that ferment sugars for energy, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide.