NCE Social and Cultural Foundations Prep

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as

All of the above

Culture refers to

All of the above

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client

Belongs to a different culture from the helper

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture

The counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture

In the US, each socioeconomic group represents

A separate culture

Which therapist wasn’t instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

Berne

______ and _____ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight

Freud; Lorenz

______ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior

Social learning theorists

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by

The 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development

Daniel Levinson proposed a theory with several major life transitions. He

B and C

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are

Close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs

The term contextualism implies that

Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

As she felt it was more applicable to males than females

______ helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement

The civil rights movement

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, they are technically referring to

The prognosis

When a counselor speaks of what they believe must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, they are technically referring to

Recommendations

Some research suggests that very poor economic conditions correlate very highly with

Aggression

A wealth of research demonstrates that

In most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with

John Dollard and Neal Miller

A popular balance theory in social psychology is _____ cognitive dissonance thoery

Festinger’s

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that

Culture provides individuals with standards of conduct

A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm

Describes how people are supposed to act

Mores are beliefs

Regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior

_____ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues

Frank Parsons, the father of guidance, who wrote Choosing a Vocation

A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the Polar Regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be

B and C

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by

Universal culture

Early vocalization in infants

Is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe

In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale which evaluated

How an individual felt toward other ethnic groups

According to the foot-in-the-door technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant clients home

Should ask to come in the home

Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by

National culture

Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society

Is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory

Ethnocentrism

Uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others

All of these statements are ethnocentric except

The Gross Domestic Product in the US exceeds the figure in Mexico

Ethnocentrism…

B and C

Regardless of culture, the popular individual

Has good social skills

Social exchange theory postulates that

A relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs

Balance theory postulates

B and C

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive

Have other positive traits

A counselor who works primarily with a geriatric population needs to be aware that

Surprisingly enough, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment

Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor’s diagnosis

Must be done within a cultural context

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ____ social conformity than they would from a client from their own culture

Less

In terms of diagnosis,

A client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another

In the US, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy

However, in other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a man who buys a $20,000 platinum watch would most likely

Read test reports after the purchase to justify his behavior

A woman who is being robbed

Would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases

A counselor reading this book says, “I couldn’t care less about passing the NCE or licensing exam.” This

Is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension

The statement, “even though my car is old and doesn’t run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low,”

Is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions

In the case of the individual who purchased the $20,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that

A and C

In the US, middle and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who

Helps them work it out on their own

In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures,

All of the above

Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with

Cognition and attitude formation

Parents who don’t tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce

Less aggressive children

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling

Has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races

In intercultural/multicultural counseling, the term therapeutic surrender means

The client psychologically surrenders themselves to a counselor from a different culture and become open with feelings and thoughts

The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender

Rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender,

All of the above

A(n) _____ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a Caucasian counselor

Lower-class African American male

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor’s statement that is somewhat like their own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). They would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as

Even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error)

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference

Is interpreted as therapeutic resistance

Counselors who have good listening skills

Facilitate therapeutic surrender

Counselors can more easily advise

Clients from their own culture

To empathize is easiest with

A client who is similar to you

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective

When the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session

A client from another culture will

Speak to the counselor differently from the way they would when speaking to someone of their own background

An African American client tells a Caucasian counselor that things are “bad” though she literally means something is good. The counselor’s misunderstanding could best be described as a

Connotative error

A monolingual US counselor

Speaks only English

_____ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling

The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation

Multicultural counseling promotes

Eclecticism

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic

Is a “culture specific” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language

A practicum supervisor who says to their supervise, “you can deal with your Asian American clients the same as you deal with anybody else,” is espousing the

Eric viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language

The statement, “all humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different",” is based on the

Etic viewpoint

A counselor is confronted with their first Native American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians or Indian Americans on exams) are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes and that there are nearly 3 million Native Americans in the US. This counselor most likely believes in the

Emic viewpoint

An Asian counselor says to an African American client, “if you’re unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system.” This is the ____ viewpoint for coping with the environment

Alloplastic viewpoint

A young Hispanic male is obviously the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, “I hear what you’re saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you.” In this case, the counselor had suggested

An autoplastic method of coping

African American ghetto clients are generally

Not very open with their feelings

Positive transference is to love as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to

Uncertainty

The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means

All people must adjust to environmental and geological demands

A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply

Attacking the system

Good multicultural counselors are

Flexible

A client remarks, “hey, I’m Black and it’s nearly impossible to hide it.” This is illustrative of the fact that

Race isn’t the same as ethnicity

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor’s training

Should be broad and interdisciplinary

Doing cross-cultural counseling

Makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences

F.H. Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to his theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will

Perform better if they are part of a group

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that

After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message

In 1908, books by _____ helped to introduce social psychology in America

McDougall and Ross

____ is associated with obedience and authority

Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as

An authority figure

The tendency to affiliate with others

Is highest in firstborns and only children

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an

Approach-approach conflict

When a person has two negative alternatives, it’s called an

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent. This creates an

Approach-avoidance conflict

According to Charles Osgood and Percey Tannenbaum’s congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if

The client likes the counselor

An adept multicultural counselor

Usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at the boys’ summer camp near Robbers Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that

A cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation

Sex role stereotyping would imply that

A and B

The statement, “Whites are better than Blacks,” illustrates

Racism

In terms of research related to affiliation

All of the above

Six people attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that

They too felt the group activity was very helpful

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a

52 year old single African American male student administrator

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying

Normal behavior within the context of her culture