A&P Exam 1

Put the levels of organization in order from smallest to largest

chemical

cell

tissue

Organ

organ system

organism

what is the chemical level

interaction of atoms and molecules

what is the cell level

the structural and functional unit of life. Organelles within cells perform specific functions

what is the tissue level

group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

what are the 4 tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

what is the organ level

two or more tissues functioning together

what is the organ system level

groups of organs functioning together

what is the organism level

any living thing, whether composed of one cell or many

what are the organ systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, female/male reproductive systems

what is the function of the integumentary system

provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D

what structures are part of the integumentary system

hair, skin, nails, and sweat glands

what is the function of the skeletal system

provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fats

what structures are part of the skeletal system

bones, associated ligaments, and joints

what is the function of the muscular system

produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat

what structures are part of the muscular system

muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

what is the function of the nervous system

major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions

what structures does the nervous system consist of

the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

what is the function of the endocrine system

a major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.

what structures are part of the endocrine system

consists of glands like pituitary that secrete hormones

what is the function of the cardiovascular system

transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temp

what structures does the cardiovascular system consist of

the heart, blood vessels, and blood

what is the function of the lymphatic system

removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract

what structures are in the lymphatic system

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs

what is the function of the respiratory system

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH

what does the respiratory system consist of

the lungs and respiratory passages

what is the function of the digestive system

performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes

what structures are in digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

what is the function of the urinary system

removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance

what structures are part of the unrinary system

kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine

what is the function of the female reproductive system

produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors

what structures are apart of female reproductive system

ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures

what is the function of the male reproductive system

produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors

what does the male reproductive system consist of

testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis

what are the characteristics of life

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, differentiation, morphogenesis, and reproduction

what us organization

condition in which there are specific interrelationships and functions among the parts of an organism

what is metabolism

the ability to use energy to perform vital functions; all chemical reactions of the body

what is responsiveness

ability to sense changes in the interior and exterior environment and adjust; cell-to-cell communication is necessary

what is growth

increase in size and/or number of cells

what is development

changes in an organism over time

what is differentiation

change from general to specific (becoming specialized)

what is morphogenesis

change in shape of tissues, organs, or the entire organism

what is reproduction

formation of new cells or new organisms for growth and development; allows organisms to pass genes to offspring; viruses cannot replicate here

what is the difference between growth and differentiation

growth- getting bigger (child growing taller)

differentiation- becoming specialized (a stem cell becoming a nerve cell)

what is homeostasis

the boys ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite changes inside or outside the body

why is homeostasis important

it keeps the internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, and organs can function properly and keep the body alive

what are the 3 components of a feedback loop

receptor (detects change), control center (processes info), effector (responds to the change)

what is positive feedback

a response that increases the change and moves the body further from normal until a specific event is completed

what is negative feedback

a response that reverses a change and brings the body back to normal

what are some examples of negative feedback

body to hot-sweat to cool down, body to cold-shiver to warm up, exercise-blood pressure increases and then after it is back to normal

what is an example of normal positive feedback

childbirth, blood clotting, lactation

what are examples of harmful positive feedback

hemorrhaging

what is anatomical position

body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward

what does superior mean

toward the head or upper part of the body

what does inferior mean

away from the head or toward the lower part of the body

what does cephalic mean

toward the head

what does caudal mean

toward the tailbone or feet

what does medial mean

toward the midline of the body

what does lateral mean

away from the midline of the body

what does proximal mean

closer to the point of attachment or organ (higher up)

what does distal mean

farther from the point of attachment or orgin (further down)

what does superficial mean

toward or on the surface

what does deep mean

away from surface; more internal

what does anterior (ventral) mean

toward the front of the body

what does posterior(dorsal) mean

toward the back of the body

sagittal

divides body into left and right portions

coronal(frontal)

divides body into anterior and posterior sections

transverse (horizontal)

divides body into superior and inferior sections

what is an atom

smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element

what are atoms made up of

subatomic particles (neutrons, protons, electrons)

what are the charges for neutrons, protons, and electrons

neutrons(no charge), protons (one positive charge), electrons (one negative charge)

why does it matter where protons, neutrons, and electrons are located

their location determines their function. electrons are outside the nucleus so they can form chemical bonds and protons and neutrons are inside the nucleus to provide atoms identity and stability

what is a cation

ion with a positive charge. it loses one or more electrons

what is an anion

ion with a negative charge. it gains 1 or more electrons

what is ionic bonding

electrons are transferred from one atom to another

why are we learning about cation/anion attraction

cation and anion attraction is what allows ionic bonds to form

what does polar mean

a molecule with unequal sharing of electrons, creating slightly positive and negative ends

what does non polar mean

electrons are shared equally so there are no positive or negative ends

what is covalent bonding

two or more atoms share electron pairs

why are polar/nonpolar molecules important

their charge affects how molecules interact, dissolve, and move throughout the body

what does solubility mean

ability of one substance to dissolve in another

what does dissociation mean

seperation in ionic compounds, cations are attracted to negative end and anions are attracted to positive end of water molecules; the ions separate and each becomes surrounded by water molecules

what are reactants

substances that enter into a chemical reaction

what are products

substances that result from the reaction

what is metabolism

collective term used for the sum of all of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body

what id a synthesis reaction(anabolism)

a reaction that combines smaller molecules to form larger molecules

what is decomposition (catabolism)

a reaction that breaks a large molecule into smaller molecules (catabolic is a type of decomposition but not all decomposition reactions are catabolic)

dehydration vs. hydrolysis

dehydration- removes water/ builds molecules (related to synthesis/anabolism)

hydrolysis- adds water/ breaks molecules apart (related to decomposition/catabolism)

what is oxidation

loss of an electron by an atom

what is reduction

gain of an electron by an atom

how does temperature affect chemical reactions

increasing temperature generally increases the reaction rate(kinetic energy) because molecules move faster and collide more often

how does concentration affect chemical reactions

increases the reaction rate because more molecules are available to react

how do catalysts affect chemical reactions

catalysts speed up reactions without being used up (lower activation energy)

what is a catalyst

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed or used up

what is an enzyme

protein catalyst that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted

catalyst vs enzyme

catalyst can be any substance that speeds up a reaction and an enzyme is a biological catalyst found in living organisms

what is activation energy

the energy required to start a chemical reaction

what are 5 types of energy (2 major)

potential, kinetic, mechanical, chemical, heat

what is potential energy

energy stored in chemical bonds; could do work if released. breaking chemical bonds releases energy

what is kinetic energy

does work and moves matter

what is mechanical energy

energy resulting from the position or movement of objects