Unit Four: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle- essential knowledge

How do cells communicate

cell-to-cell connect or chemical signaling

What do signal transduction pathways do

link signal reception with cellular responses

What are included in signal transduction pathways

protein modification and phosphorylation cascades

What does the ligand-binding domain or a receptor do

recognize a specific chemical messenger

What do signaling cascades do

relay signals from receptors to cell targets with amplification (i.e cell growth, secretion of molecules, gene expression)

What do signal transduction pathways influence

cell response to the environment

What can signal transduction result in

changes to gene expression and cell function altering phenotypes or apoptosis

How can mutations effect downstream componets

altering the subsequent transduction of the signal

How can chemicals interfere with the signaling pathway

activate or inhibit the pathway

How do organism use feedback mechansims

maintain internal environments and respond to internal and external environmental changes

how do negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis

regulating physiological processes

What are the cell cycle sequential stages

interphase (G!, S, G2) mitosis, and cytokinesis

What is G0

cell is held in a particular phase until cued to release

What is mitosis

transfer of a complete, exact genome from parent cell to two daughter cells

What does mitosis aid with

growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction

What are the sequential series of steps in mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What controls the cell cycle

interaction between cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases

What are results of disruptions to the cell cycle

cancer or apoptosis