#2 single cells pt 1

What organisms belong to Unikonta?

• Amobeozoa 

• Animals

• Fungi

What are key features of Unikonta?

Naked cells with pseudopodia

What organisms belong to Excavata?

• Intestinal flagellates 

• Hemoflagellates

What are the key features of Excavata?

• Feeding groove

• Flagella

What organisms belong to Chromalveolata?

• Intestinal coccidia

• Malaria-like parasites in the blood

What are the types of Unikonta parasites we went over?

• Entamoeba histolytica

• Entamoeba invadens

What are the types of Excavata parasites we went over?

• Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas gallinae)

• Histomonas meleagridis

• Leishmania spp

What are the types of Chromalveolata parasites we went over? (first 4)

• Eimeria spp. and Isospora spp

• Sarcocystis rileyi

• Sarcocystis neurona

• Toxoplasma gondii

What are the types of Chromalveolata parasites we went over? (last 4)

• Haemosporina spp.

• Plasmodium mexicanum

• Plasmodium relictum

• Leucocytozoon simondi

Where are trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica found?

In the gut, within mucosal crypts

What do trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica feed on?

Starches and mucous secretions

What happens to Entamoeba histolytica under stress?

They form resistant cysts shed in feces

How are Entamoeba histolytica cysts transmitted?

Ingestion via contaminated water or vegetation

What type of ulcer do Entamoeba histolytica form?

Flask-shaped ulcers

What disease does Entamoeba histolytica cause?

Amoebic dysentery

What are major symptoms of Amoebic dysentery?

Severe inflammation and uncontrollable diarrhea

What happens if Entamoeba histolytica spreads beyond the gut?

It enters the bloodstream and reaches the liver→ Liver abscess

What serious complications can occur if Entamoeba histolytica spreads beyond the gut and reaches the liver?

• Hepatitis

• Septicemia

  • secondary bacterial infections

• Colitis

Septicemia

bacteria and toxins in the blood (blood poisoning)

Which animals are affected by Entamoeba invadens?

Pathogenic in snakes, lizards, and some tortoises

What species is an example host for Entamoeba invadens?

Gopher tortoises

• Spp of conservation concern

What lesions does Entamoeba invadens cause?

Intestinal ulcerations and liver abscesses

What severe liver condition occurs from Entamoeba invadens?

Hepatic necrosis

Why is Entamoeba invadens concerning ecologically?

It impacts threatened keystone species (like Gopher tortoises)

What type of transmission increases risk with Entamoeba invadens?

Density-dependent transmission

What organism causes trichomoniasis?

flagellate protozoan→ Trichomonas gallinae

What is trichomoniasis called in pigeons and raptors?

• Canker (pigeons)

• Frounce (raptors)

What areas of the body does trichomoniasis affect?

Necrosis in the

• Mouth

• Pharynx

• Esophagus

• Crop

• Intestines

• Proventriculus

What are characteristic lesions of trichomoniasis?

Yellow, cheesy plaques (big enough-> block mouth and esophagus)

What are common clinical signs of trichomoniasis?

• gaping

• drooling

• weight loss

• puffed appearance

• death

What are the three ways a bird can get trichomoniasis?

• pharyngeal (Drinking pigeon milk or water bath transmission)

• umbilical (Pick it up in the nest)

• organ forms (Raptors or various internal organs)

What disease does Histomonas meleagridis cause?

Blackhead disease

What is the DH and IH of Histomonas meleagridis?

• DH- Gallinaceous birds

• IH- none

• PH→ earthworm

What vector is involved with Histomonas meleagridis?

Cecal worm (Heterakis gallinarum)

What is the infective stage of Histomonas meleagridis?

L2 larvae in worm eggs

What are key lesions of Histomonas meleagridis?

Caseous cores in the cecum and sulfur-rimmed liver lesions

What is the DH and IH/vector for Leishmania spp.?

• DH-> mammals

• IH/vector-> sandfly

What Leishmania spp. stage infects mammals?

Promastigotes

What cells do Leishmania spp. invade?

Macrophages

What form do Leishmania spp. take inside cells?

Amastigotes

What are common symptoms of Leishmania spp.?

• Chronic skin lesions

  • Thicked, hairless, and encrusted skin lesions

    • Floppy look (like in ears)-> cartilage is being broken down

• ulcers

• tissue damage

• In ppl-> attacks mucus membranes (around nose/lips)

What management method is used for Leishmania spp.?

Sandfly control (e.g., pesticide fogging)