A&P Chapter 5-8 Homework

Ultraviolet light causes production of vitamin D₃ in the cells of the epidermis.

epidermis

A pocket of fluid between layers of the skin is called:

blisters

Rapid water loss from burned skin is an extreme form of ________ perspiration.

insensible perspiration

The protein that reduces water loss at the skin surface is:

keratin

Epidermal growth factor stimulates __________.

repair, mitosis, and glandular secretion

How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate?

5 layers

Which plexus supplies blood to the capillary loops that follow the epidermis-dermis boundary?

subpapillary plexus

Which layer of the dermis contains the capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerve fibers that supply the epidermis?

papillary layer

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.

reticular layer

Skin remaining peaked after being pinched is a sign of:

dehydration

Stretch marks occur when:

the skin is so extensively stretched that its elastic limits are exceeded

What dermal sensory structures sense deep pressure?

lamellar corpuscles

The skin can move easily over the underlying muscles because of the loose connective tissue within the __________.

hypodermis

Who has the most melanocytes to who has the least?

They all have roughly the same number of melanocytes

Albinism occurs due to a lack of ________ production.

melanin

Cyanosis signifies:

oxygen-starved skin

The ________ in keratinocytes protects the epidermis and dermis from the harmful effects of sunlight.

melanin

A possible solution to increased winter bone fractures is:

a dietary supplement of cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃)

Which statement about rickets is true?

It leads to skeletal deformity

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is called:

melanoma

Skin cancer that starts in the mitotically most active epidermal layer is called:

basal cell carcinoma

Secretions of what gland lubricate and protect the hair shaft?

sebaceous glands

Hair growth is due to the continual division of the basal cells of the __________.

hair matrix

Fine hairs that lack pigment and cover much of the body surface are called ________ hairs.

vellus hairs

The network of sensory nerves that surrounds the base of each hair follicle is the:

root hair plexus

Eyelashes, eyebrows, and hairs on the scalp are called ________ hairs.

terminal hairs

Merocrine sweat glands are most abundant in the __________.

palms of the hands

What happens if body temperature rises above normal?

Blood flow to the skin increases

Psoriasis may occur in sites where skin cells have advanced ________ through the epidermis.

too quickly

Nail production occurs at the nail:

root

A child who scrapes the skin of his knee in a fall has a(n):

abrasion

The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a ________ burn.

third-degree burn

The combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network formed in injured skin is called ________ tissue.

granulation tissue

A bacterial infection that is often fatal in burn patients is called:

sepsis

Reduction in the number of elastic fibers in the skin of the elderly results in __________.

wrinkles

The prominent ridge of bone along the superior border of the hip bones is called a

crest

The shaft of a long bone is also called the

diaphysis

Based on shape, a vertebra is an example of a(n) ______ bone.

irregular

A rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves is a

foramen

The proximal and distal ends of a long bone are called the

epiphyses

Small bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ______ bones.

sutural

Bones that have thin parallel surfaces are

flat bones

Roger lifts weights seriously and Steven does not. Reasonable skeletal difference?

All of the listed responses are correct

Cells that secrete osteoid are called

osteoblasts

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

osteocytes

Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ______ cells.

osteogenic

What prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints?

articular cartilage

The organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone is called

osteoid

The innermost and outermost layers of compact bone are called

circumferential lamellae

The layer of bone that is interwoven with tendons is the

periosteum

Connective tissue fibers incorporated into bone tissue from tendons and ligaments are called

perforating fibers

What marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone?

red marrow

What fibers are stronger than steel when stretched?

collagen fibers

Spongy bone contains an open meshwork of supporting bundles called

trabeculae

The process by which osteoblasts add layers to circumferential lamellae is

appositional growth

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?

hyaline cartilage

If epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old's long bones, what is true?

The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible

When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones

grow longer

During initial endochondral bone formation, the primary ossification center is located in the

diaphysis

The process of bone recycling and renewal is known as

remodeling

How do sex hormones affect bone growth?

They cause ossification to be faster than cartilage replacement

A child with rickets often has

bowed legs

How can scurvy be prevented?

Supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C

Osteomalacia causes calcium loss from the skeleton, resulting in bones that are

weaker and more flexible

An open fracture that projects through the skin is called a ______ fracture.

compound

In what fracture is one side of the shaft split and the other side bent?

greenstick

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the

external callus

For early osteoporosis, which intervention is NOT recommended?

bed rest

Some older women lose height as they age because

osteopenia causes compression of the vertebrae

Why does osteoporosis affect more women than men?

Women have a decrease in sex hormones after menopause