chapter 16 learning activity

Hypothalamus

visceral reflexes (salivation)

Lens

bubbles and debris in this is called cataracts; these make the lens cloudy and can result in blurry, less colorful vision

Iris

changes the diameter of the pupil (pupil = the opening through which light enters to the back of the eye)

Ciliary body

changes the shape of the lens

scleral venous sinus

blockage of this can result in elevated intraocular pressure and damage associated with glaucoma

Córnea

allows light into the anterior chamber & bends it

scleral venous sinus,

allows aqueous humor to exit

Lens

changes shape to focus light onto the retina

Neurons in otholic membrane

not true neurons, but they release neurotransmitter that stimulates associated sensory neurons, when their stereocilia are bent by the otolithic membrane

Neurons in taste

not true neurons, but they release neurotransmitter that stimulates associated sensory neurons, when chemicals bind the receptors on their stereocilia

Neurons in cupula

not true neurons, but they release neurotransmitter that stimulates associated sensory neurons, when their stereocilia are bent by the gelatinous cupula

Rod neuron

not true neurons, but they release neurotransmitter that inhibits bipolar neurons; when a photon is absorbed by their pigment, they no longer release the inhibitory neurotransmitter

Smell neuron

true neuron; axons cross through cribriform foramina of the ethmoid bone

transduction

what is happening when an odorant binds to an olfactory receptor, and this results in a volley of action potentials

changing mechanical, heat, light or other energy into electrical energy

labeled line code

allows the brain to identify the modality being transmitted by a receptor

projection pathway

a specific neural path from a receptor to the brain; this allows the brain to identify the location of the stimulus

tonic receptors

proprioceptors are this type

phasic receptors

olfactory and temperature receptors are this type

free nerve ending

pain & temperature receptors

encapsulated nerve ending

light touch and deep pressure receptors

stimulate(s) nociceptors

substances released by injured tissues

neurotransmitter(s) released by nociceptors

substance P

analgesic(s)

enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins, serotonin

mechanoreceptor in the skin (cutaneous)

touch receptor

chemoreceptor of a special sense

gustatory receptor & olfactory receptor

receptor is a true neuron

olfactory receptor, only

rod photoreceptors

provide peripheral vision with low resolution because of extensive convergence

responsible for monochromatic (black & white) vision because they only contain rhodopsin pigment

used to see when light is low (night time)

cone photoreceptors

responsible for polychromatic (color) vision because they contain one of three photopsin pigments

provide fine detail vision (high resolution) because of low convergence

used when to see when light is abundant (day time)

bipolar cells

neuron which rods and cones directly stimulate or inhibit

Ganglion cells

2nd neuron of vision pathway; its axons form the optic nerve