MEDICATIONS

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Acetaminophen (Tylenol)?

Inhibits COX enzymes centrally, leading to decreased body temperature and pain.

What are the major side effects of Acetaminophen overdose?

Liver damage, including liver failure from overdose (>4g/day), requiring monitoring of AST, ALT, bilirubin, and INR.

What is the key difference between NSAIDs and Acetaminophen?

NSAIDs inhibit COX enzymes and reduce inflammation, while Acetaminophen primarily acts centrally to reduce pain and fever.

What is the indication for using Aspirin at low doses?

Antiplatelet effect for myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke prevention.

What is Reye's syndrome associated with Aspirin use?

A serious condition that can occur when Aspirin is given during viral infections, potentially leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and acute liver failure.

What is the mechanism of action of Morphine sulfate?

Full opioid receptor agonist that inhibits neurotransmitter release, decreases pain transmission, and induces sedation.

What is the MoA of Fentanyl compared to Morphine?

Fentanyl is a full MOR agonist with rapid CNS penetration and minimal histamine release, making it more hemodynamically stable.

What do Benzodiazepines do to the GABA-A receptor?

They bind to the receptor, increasing the frequency of Cl- channel opening, enhancing GABA's inhibitory effect.

What is the action of Flumazenil?

It is a competitive antagonist at the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA-A receptor, reversing sedation.

What conditions are treated with Epinephrine?

Asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and severe hypotension.

What is the mechanism of action of Dopamine at moderate doses?

It binds to beta-1 receptors, increasing heart rate and myocardial contractility.

How does Norepinephrine primarily affect the cardiovascular system?

It acts predominantly as an alpha-1 agonist, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.

What is the action of ACE inhibitors like Captopril?

They inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, decreasing vasoconstriction and blood pressure by reducing angiotensin II.

How do Loop diuretics like Furosemide affect electrolytes?

They lead to massive Na+ loss, causing decreased levels of Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, and can lead to metabolic alkalosis.

What is the mechanism of action of anticoagulants like Heparin?

Heparin binds to antithrombin III, enhancing its ability to inactivate thrombin and factor Xa, preventing clot formation.

What is the main use of Alteplase (tPA)?

To activate plasminogen to break down existing clots.

What are some common bronchodilators used in respiratory conditions?

Albuterol, Xopenex (Levalbuterol), and Theophylline.

What is the mechanism of action of Propofol?

It potentiates the GABA-A receptor, leading to profound CNS depression and deep sedation.

What is the mechanism of action (MoA) of Acetaminophen (Tylenol)?

Acetaminophen (APAP) is an analgesic and antipyretic that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the central nervous system. It mainly acts in the brain's hypothalamus to decrease body temperature and alleviate pain.

What are the major side effects of Acetaminophen overdose?

Acetaminophen overdose can lead to liver damage, including liver failure, particularly at doses exceeding 4g/day. Monitoring of liver enzymes (AST, ALT), bilirubin levels, and INR is critical to assess toxicity.

What is the key difference between NSAIDs and Acetaminophen?

NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) inhibit COX enzymes to reduce inflammation and pain, while Acetaminophen primarily functions as a centrally acting analgesic and antipyretic without significant anti-inflammatory properties.

What is the duration of action for Ibuprofen (Advil/Motrin)?

Ibuprofen has a short to intermediate duration of action lasting approximately 6-8 hours.

What is the indication for using Aspirin at low doses?

Low-dose Aspirin is used primarily for its antiplatelet effect, particularly for myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke prevention.

What is Reye's syndrome associated with Aspirin use?

Reye's syndrome is a severe condition that can occur when Aspirin is administrated during viral infections in children, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and acute liver failure.

What is the mechanism of action of Morphine sulfate?

Morphine sulfate acts as a full agonist at opioid receptors, specifically mu receptors, inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters to decrease pain transmission and induce sedation.

What is the MoA of Fentanyl compared to Morphine?

Fentanyl is also a full mu opioid receptor agonist but has a rapid onset of action and minimal histamine release, making it more hemodynamically stable compared to Morphine.

What do Benzodiazepines do to the GABA-A receptor?

Benzodiazepines bind to the GABA-A receptor, enhancing the frequency of chloride ion channel openings, which amplifies GABA's inhibitory effects, leading to sedative, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant properties.

What is the action of Flumazenil?

Flumazenil is a competitive antagonist at the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA-A receptor, effectively reversing the sedative effects of benzodiazepines.

What conditions are treated with Epinephrine?

Epinephrine is indicated for the treatment of asthma exacerbations, anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and severe hypotension, acting as a potent bronchodilator and vasopressor.

What is the mechanism of action of Dopamine at moderate doses?

At moderate doses, Dopamine primarily stimulates beta-1 adrenergic receptors, leading to increased heart rate and enhanced myocardial contractility.

How does Norepinephrine primarily affect the cardiovascular system?

Norepinephrine primarily acts as an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist, leading to vasoconstriction, increased systemic vascular resistance, and elevated blood pressure.

What is the action of ACE inhibitors like Captopril?

ACE inhibitors like Captopril prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, resulting in decreased vasoconstriction, lower blood pressure, and reduced workload on the heart.

How do Loop diuretics like Furosemide affect electrolytes?

Loop diuretics such as Furosemide promote significant sodium loss, which can decrease serum levels of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), and calcium (Ca2+), potentially leading to metabolic alkalosis.

What is the mechanism of action of anticoagulants like Heparin?

Heparin works by binding to antithrombin III, enhancing its capacity to inactivate thrombin and factor Xa, thereby preventing clot formation.

What is the main use of Alteplase (tPA)?

Alteplase (tPA) is primarily used to activate plasminogen, promoting the breakdown of existing fibrin clots in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism.

What are some common bronchodilators used in respiratory conditions?

Common bronchodilators include Albuterol and Levalbuterol (short-acting beta-agonists) and Theophylline (a methylxanthine), which help to relieve bronchospasm in conditions like asthma and COPD.

What is the mechanism of action of Propofol?

Propofol acts as a general anesthetic by potentiating the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at the GABA-A receptor, resulting in profound CNS depression and rapid onset of sedation.

What classification do Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and NSAIDs fall under?

Acetaminophen is classified as an analgesic and antipyretic, while NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) are classified as anti-inflammatory medications.

What type of drug is Morphine sulfate?

Morphine sulfate is classified as an opioid analgesic, specifically a full agonist at mu opioid receptors.

What is the classification of Fentanyl?

Fentanyl is classified as a synthetic opioid analgesic, known for its potency and rapid onset of action.

What class of medications do Benzodiazepines belong to?

Benzodiazepines are classified as anxiolytics and sedatives, acting as central nervous system depressants.

What type of medication is Epinephrine classified as?

Epinephrine is classified as a sympathomimetic drug, functioning as both a bronchodilator and a vasopressor.

What classification does Dopamine belong to?

Dopamine is classified as a catecholamine and vasoactive agent, used for its effects on cardiovascular function.

What class of drugs are ACE inhibitors categorized under?

ACE inhibitors, like Captopril, are classified as antihypertensives, used to manage high blood pressure and heart failure.

What classification do Loop diuretics like Furosemide belong to?

Loop diuretics are classified as potent diuretics, utilized for their ability to promote renal excretion of sodium and water.

What is the classification of Heparin?

Heparin is classified as an anticoagulant, preventing blood clot formation.

What type of drug is Alteplase (tPA)?

Alteplase is classified as a thrombolytic agent, used to dissolve blood clots.

What classification do bronchodilators like Albuterol belong to?

Bronchodilators like Albuterol are classified as short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs), used primarily for asthma and COPD.

What type of drug is Propofol classified as?

Propofol is

What is the classification of Insulin?

Insulin is classified as a hormone and antidiabetic agent, used primarily for managing blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus.

What are the types of Insulin?

Insulin is classified into several types based on their onset, peak, and duration of action, including:

• Rapid-acting Insulin: e.g., Insulin lispro (Humalog)

• Short-acting Insulin: e.g., Regular Insulin (Humulin R)

• Intermediate-acting Insulin: e.g., NPH Insulin (Humulin N)

• Long-acting Insulin: e.g., Insulin glargine (Lantus)

• Ultra-long-acting Insulin: e.g., Insulin degludec (Tresiba)

What is the mechanism of action of Insulin?

Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly muscle and adipose tissue, promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver, and decreases gluconeogenesis, leading to reduced blood glucose levels.

What are some common side effects of Insulin?

Common side effects of Insulin include hypoglycemia, weight gain, injection site reactions, and potential allergic reactions.

What is the importance of Insulin in diabetic patients?

Insulin is critical for individuals with Type 1 diabetes as they produce little to no insulin. It is also used in some patients with Type 2 diabetes who have not achieved adequate

What type of insulin is Humulin R?

Humulin R is classified as short-acting insulin, with an onset of action typically within 30 minutes, peaking at 2-3 hours, and lasting about 5-7 hours.

What type of insulin is Humulin N?

Humulin N is classified as intermediate-acting insulin, with an onset of action within 1-2 hours, peaking at 4-12 hours, and lasting about 18-24 hours.

What type of insulin is Insulin lispro (Humalog)?

Insulin lispro (Humalog) is classified as rapid-acting insulin, with an onset of action typically within 15 minutes, peaking at 30-90 minutes, and lasting about 3-5 hours.

What type of insulin is Insulin glargine (Lantus)?

Insulin glargine (Lantus) is classified as long-acting insulin, with an onset of action around 1-2 hours, with no pronounced peak, and lasting up to 24 hours or more.

What type of insulin is Insulin detemir (Levemir)?

Insulin detemir (Levemir) is classified as long-acting insulin, with an onset of action around 1-2 hours and a duration of action that can last up to 24 hours, but it may be administered twice daily depending on the individual's needs.

What type of insulin is Insulin degludec (Tresiba)?

Insulin degludec (Tresiba) is classified as ultra-long-acting insulin, with an onset of action within 30-90 minutes, no pronounced peak, and lasting more than 42 hours, allowing for flexible dosing schedules.

What is insulin's role during hypoglycemia?

During hypoglycemia, insulin's role is to decrease blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells, but in individuals with diabetes, excessive insulin can exacerbate hypoglycemia.

What are some common combinations of insulins?

Common combinations include:

• Humulin 70/30: 70% NPH (intermediate) and 30% Regular insulin (short-acting).

• Novolog Mix 70/30: 70% insulin aspart protamine