Comprehensive Exam Study Guide (CSD Grad Program – SLP)

A collection of flashcards covering key concepts related to research methods, evidence-based practice, and measurement in the CSD Grad Program.

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

A 3-part integration of best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and client/patient values and preferences.

Qualitative Research

Research aimed at understanding lived experiences, perspectives, and processes in complex real-world contexts.

Quantitative Research

Research involving the manipulation of independent variables to observe effects on dependent variables.

Reliability

The consistency of a measurement across time or different raters.

Validity

The degree to which a tool measures what it claims to measure.

Systematic Reviews / Meta-Analyses

High-strength evidence sources that synthesize findings from multiple high-quality studies.

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)

A research design that randomly assigns participants to treatment or control groups to reduce bias.

Sampling Bias

The systematic difference between the sampled population and the larger population from which it was drawn.

P-value

The probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the results observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.

Confidence Interval (CI)

A range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter with a specified level of confidence.

Type I Error

An error that occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected (false positive).

Type II Error

An error that occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly retained (false negative).

Single-Case Experimental Designs (SCED)

Research designs that focus on the response of a single participant to treatments evaluated over time.

Longitudinal Study

A study that follows the same individuals over a period of time to observe changes.

Cross-sectional Study

A study that observes a specific population at a single point in time.

Construct Validity

The extent to which a test measures the theoretical construct it is intended to measure.

Generalizability

The extent to which research findings can be applied to settings and populations beyond the study sample.

Expert Opinion

The judgment or recommendation provided by individuals with expertise in a particular area.